Whakarāpopototanga: E tirohia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakatakotoranga iti e rua i raro i te ASTM A106 Gr.B — 21.3×2.77mm (1/2″ SCH40/STD) me te 26.7×2.87mm (3/4″ SCH40/STD) — e tātari ana i tā rātou whenua tono ā-ao me te arotahi ki ngā whakamahinga mutunga i te mākete o Brazil. Ko ngā ahumahi hinu me te hau, te matū hinu, me te hiko o Brazil e whakaputa ana i te tono nui mō ēnei whakatakotoranga, inā koa mō ngā ngongo taputapu, te aroturuki mamaoa, me ngā hononga whakawhiti wera. Heoi, kei te aro atu ngā kaihoko Hainamana ki te takoha anti-dumping o te USD 743 ia tana, me te whakamahere tupato ki te whakauru ki te mākete.
I. Tirohanga Whānui mō te Hua
ASTM A106 Gr.BHe paipa maitai waro kore hononga te whakatakotoranga i raro i te paerewa a te American Society for Testing and Materials mō te ratonga pāmahana teitei. Ko te Wāhanga B te wāhanga tino whānuitia te tohu, e tuku ana i te huinga taurite o te kaha me te āheinga whakarewa. Ko te hanganga matū noa: C 0.17–0.24%, Si 0.17–0.37%, Mn 0.35–0.65%, me te P me te S e rua ≤0.030%. Ko ngā āhuatanga miihini ko te kaha kume o te 410–550 MPa, te pūwāhi hua o te 245 MPa, te roa o te 24%, me te awhe pāmahana ratonga o te −29°C ki te 425°C.
Kei roto i te whānuitanga iti o te ASME B36.10M ngā whakatakotoranga e rua:
| Whakatakotoranga | Rahi Ingoa | Rārangi Mahi | Taumaha Ariā |
| 21.3×2.77 mm | 1/2″ (DN15) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.27 kg/m |
| 26.7×2.87 mm | 3/4″ (DN20) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.68 kg/m |
Koinei ngā rahi paipa iti rawa e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa tukatuka, e horahia ana ki ngā raina taputapu, ki ngā raina tauira, ki te whai mamaoa, me ngā paipa tukatuka rere-iti. E whakarārangihia ana e ngā kaiwhakarato o Brazil te 21.3×2.77mm hei hua paerewa roa 6-mita, e 7.6 kg te taumaha mō ia wahi, me te 26.7×2.87mm hei paipa SCH40 3/4″ i te 1.68 kg/m.
II. Ngā Mākete Taupānga o te Ao
Paipa A106 Gr.BHe whānui ngā momo ahumahi e mahi ana: te tuku hinu me te hau, ngā pūnaha pāpāho matū, ngā paipa kohua o te tipu hiko, me te hanga miihini, tae atu ki ngā hanganga maitai hanga, te hanga kaipuke, ngā piriti, ngā taputapu hiko hau, ngā mira pepa, te whakamatao, te tukatuka kai, me te tiaki wai. Mā te horopaki mahi:
Ngā paipa tukatuka pāmahana-tiketike, pēhanga-tiketike. Koinei te tono matua. E aro ana te paerewa ki te ratonga pāmahana-tiketike, me ngā whakamahinga noa tae atu ki ngā raina mamaoa, ngā waeine whakapai hinu, ngā pūnaha poiha me te whakamahana-nui, me ngā whare tukatuka hinu-matū. Ko ngā rahi 1/2″ me te 3/4″ te nuinga o te wā hei raina nekehanga taputapu, hei whai mamaoa, hei raina tauira, me ngā paipa peka rere-iti i roto i aua pūnaha.
Ngā paipa āwhina i roto i ngā mahi hinu me te hau. Ahakoa ko te tuku tawhiti te mea nui rawa atuAPI 5L, He whānui te whakamahinga o te A106 Gr.B i roto i ngā raina kohikohi parae, ngā hononga pane puna, me ngā paipa whakarewa i roto i te whare hanga. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga hokohoko i te paipa tuimotu 21.3mm OD × 2.77mm WT i hangaia mō ngā paipa hinu me te hau, he 6 mita te roa i te nuinga o te wā.
Te whakawhiti wai ahumahi whānui. I roto i ngā whare tukatuka matū, rongoā, me te kai, ka taea e ngā paipa A106 iti te pupuri i te wai, te hau, me ngā matū, i ētahi wā ka pania ki waho hei whakapakari i te ātete ki te waikura.
Ngā tono hanganga me ngā tono mīhini. Ka whakamahia ngā paipa iti kore hononga ki ngā raina waipēhi, ngā ringaringa whāriki, me ngā taputapu tūhura whenua, e hiahia ana kia tino tika ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga mīhini ōrite.
III. Tātaritanga Mākete o Brazil
3.1 Te Whakahāngaitanga Paerewa
Kei te mārama tonu te hononga o ngā paerewa hangarau o Brazil ki ngā whakaritenga ASTM. Kua whakaputa te Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) i te NBR 6321, he rite ki te ASTM A106, mō ngā paipa maitai waro kore hononga i roto i te ratonga pāmahana teitei; he rite te NBR 5590 kiASTM A53mō te kawe wai whānui. Ko te tikanga he hototahi te paipa A106 Gr.B ki te anga paerewa ā-rohe o Brazil, me te kore e hurihia, e whakamanahia anō rānei.
E mārama ana te whakamārama a ngā kaituku paipa o Brazil i te tūnga o te A106. E kī ana a Tubonasa, he kaituku paipa nō São Paulo, kei roto "i te wheketere" te A106 — ngā raina mamaoa, ngā waeine whakamahine, me ngā paipa tukatuka pāmahana-tiketike — ko te API 5L ia e whakahaere ana i ngā paipa kawe tawhiti. He rerekē ngā mahi a ngā paerewa e rua, ā, kāore e taea te whakawhiti.
3.2 Ngā Rāngai Taupānga Matua
Ko Brazil, hei tētahi o ngā kaihanga hinu me te hau nui rawa atu o Amerika Latina, ko ana rāngai matū hinu, whakamahine, me te hiko ngā pokapū matua o te tono mō te paipa A106 Gr.B iti te whānui. E ai ki ngā puna kōrero a te ahumahi o Brazil:
Ngā whare hanga hinu me ngā whare hanga matū. Ka whakamahia te paipa A106 Gr.B i roto i ngā raina tukatuka pāmahana teitei, ngā hononga whakawhiti wera, ngā pūnaha tohatoha mamaoa, me ngā paipa whakapūmau i roto i ngā whare hanga hinu. E whakaatu ana ngā tuhinga hoko a Petrobras i te paipa kore hononga A106-B kua tohua mō ngā pūnaha tukatuka hanga hinu, me ngā tawhā hoahoa pāmahana me te pēhanga mārama. Ko ngā rahi 21.3mm me te 26.7mm e mahi ana mō ngā raina taputapu me ngā paipa āwhina - he iti te rahinga wae engari he nui te kiato whakatakotoranga, e hanga ana i te tono mō te taumata pau.
Ngā pūnaha hiko me ngā pūnaha poiha. Me whakamahi ngā teihana hiko wai me ngā teihana hiko wera o Brazil i ngā paipa rino waro kore-pāmahana nui mō ngā pūnaha wai whāngai poiha, ngā raina mamaoa, me ngā ara iahiko whakapūmau. Ko te whānuitanga ratonga a A106 Gr.B o te −29°C ki te 425°C e kapi katoa ana i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere o te pūnaha poiha.
Matū me te rongoā. I roto i ngā ahumahi matū me te rongoā o Brazil, ka taea e te paipa A106 iti te whakamahi i te whakawhiti wai parakore teitei, ngā hononga tauhohenga, me ngā raina ratonga. He pai ake te hanganga maeneene ina hiahiatia he maeneene ā-roto me te kore hononga whakarewa.
Ahumahi whānui me ngā hanganga. Ko ngā whatunga tohatoha hau ā-tāone, ngā paipa mamaoa me te wai wera i roto i ngā whare kai me te inu, me ngā paipa tohanga wai wera HVAC ka puta te hiahia pumau mō ngā paipa A106 iti te whānui.
3.3 Taiao Tauhokohoko Kawemai
He whenua kawemai nui a Brazil mō ngā paipa rino kore hononga. E ai ki ngā raraunga WITS a te Peeke o te Ao, ko te uara o ngā kawemai paipa kore hononga (HS 7304) a Brazil i te tau 2023 he tata ki te USD 157 miriona, arā, tata ki te 157,000 tāne (ngā diameter me ngā momo katoa).
Heoi, he arai nui kei mua i ngā kaihoko Hainamana ki tāwāhi. I te 24 o Hūrae, 2023, i tukuna e te Komihana Tauhokohoko o tāwāhi o Brazil (GECEX) te Whakataunga Nama 497, e haere tonu ana ngā takoha ārai-tuku i runga i ngā paipa maitai waro korekore mai i Haina (te diameter o waho ≤5 inihi/141.3mm, mō ngā paipa hinu me te hau, te waehere taripa Mercosur 7304.19.00) i te tere o te USD 743.00 ia tana mō ngā tau e rima. He nui te pēhanga utu e pā ana ki ngā paipa A106 Gr.B 21.3mm me te 26.7mm. Ki te whakataurite ki te awhe utu tohutoro o te tau 2026 o te USD 750–1,150 ia tana mō ngā paipa korekore A106 Gr.B, ko te takoha ārai-tuku he taumahatanga utu tāpiri 65–99%.
He mea nui, ko te tikanga ārai-tukunga e pā ana ki ngā paipa maitai waro kore hononga me te OD ≤5 inihi (141.3mm) mō te whakamahinga o ngā paipa hinu me te hau. Kei roto i tēnei whānuitanga ngā whakaritenga 21.3mm me te 26.7mm. I te marama o Hūrae 2026, i tīmatahia anō e Brazil tētahi rangahau ārai-tukunga mō ngā paipa maitai waro kua whakarewahia mai i Haina (ngā waehere taripa Mercosur 7305.11.00 me 7305.12.00), ahakoa e aro ana tēnei ki ngā hua kua whakarewahia, kaua ki ngā hua kore hononga. Heoi anō, e tohu ana te ia o te wā ki te whakakaha ake i ngā rongoā hokohoko ki ngā hua paipa maitai Hainamana.
IV. Ngā Whakamahinga Matua i Brazil (Tirohanga Iti-Diameter)
Mā te whakakotahi i te anga paerewa o Brazil, ngā raraunga tono ahumahi, me ngā āhuatanga hokohoko kawemai, ka whakamahia ngā paipa tuimotu 21.3×2.77mm me 26.7×2.87mm A106 Gr.B hei whakamahi matua i te kaweake ki Brazil:
Ngā raina taputapu me ngā raina tauira. Ko te whakamahinga tino matotoru o ngā paipa kore-ira iti te whānui i roto i ngā whare hanga hinu o Brazil, ngā tipu hinu matū, me ngā whare tukatuka hau māori ko ngā ngongo nekehanga taputapu me ngā raina tauira tukanga. Ka hono tika ēnei ki ngā tuku pehanga, ngā mita rere, me ngā tātari ipurangi, me hiahia he mata o roto ma, he ine tika, me te ātete ki te pāmahana me te pehanga teitei. Ko te 21.3mm me te 26.7mm ngā rahi e rua e tino kitea ana i roto i ngā paipa taputapu.
Te whai me te tohatoha mamaoa. He nui te whakamahinga a ngā whare matū me ngā whare whakamahine hinu o Brazil i te whai mamaoa hei ārai i te totoka, te tio rānei o ngā rauemi tukatuka. Ko te paipa A106 iti te whānui hei peka tohatoha me ngā raina whakahoki waikura, me te tauine rōrahi kia rite ki te rahi o te whare.
Ngā hononga whakawhiti wera me ngā hononga whakapūmau. Ko ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā whakapūmau, me ngā whakakoi hou i roto i ngā rāngai hiko me te matū hinu o Brazil e whakamahi ana i te paipa kore hononga iti A106 Gr.B mō ngā manga wai whakamatao, ngā hononga urunga mamaoa, me ngā putanga whakapūmau.
Ngā pūnaha whaipainga me ngā pūnaha āwhina. Ko ngā raina hau kōpeke, ngā paipa hauota, ngā peka tohatoha mamaoa, me ngā peka whakamutunga pūnaha wai ahi i roto i ngā tipu ahumahi o Brazil e whakamahi ana i ngā paipa A106 Gr.B 1/2″ me 3/4″. He iti te utu mō ēnei tono engari me pupuri te pēhanga taketake me te ātete ki te pāmahana, ā, he pai te ōwehenga utu-mahi a A106 Gr.B.
V. Ngā Wero o te Mākete me ngā Whakaaro Rautaki
Te pānga utu o ngā takoha ārai-tuku. Nā te takoha ārai-tuku USD 743/tāne, ka waiho ngā paipa A106 iti-te-rahi o Haina ki tētahi ngoikoretanga nui o te utu utaina ki te whakataurite ki ngā hua o roto o Brazil, ki ngā hua kawemai rānei mai i Romania (te reiti takoha USD 75.11/tāne). Mō ngā whakatakotoranga iti-te-rahi me ngā uara wae iti ake, he nui ake te ōwehenga o te uara hua e tohuhia ana e te takoha, ka whakaiti i te whakataetae utu.
Tiwhikete me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Me whai tiwhikete INMETRO a Brazil mō ngā hua paipa rino. Me tutuki i ngā paipa A106 Gr.B e hokona ana i Brazil ngā whakaritenga tohu NBR 6321, tae atu ki te ingoa kaihanga, te tohu hokohoko rānei, te tohu API Spec 5L e tika ana, me te tohu tiwhikete INMETRO. Me whakarite e ngā kaihokohoko ngā tuhinga hua katoa, ngā tiwhikete rauemi, me ngā pūrongo tirotiro a te hunga tuatoru hei whakaiti i ngā whakaroa o te tari taake.
Ngā taunakitanga rautaki hongere. I runga i te taumahatanga o te takoha ārai-tuku, ka whakaarohia pea e ngā kaihokohoko Hainamana: (1) te whakatū hononga roa me ngā kaituku o Brazil ki te whakamahi i ngā whatunga taonga me ngā whatunga kiritaki o te rohe mō te tiritiri utu; (2) te tūhura i ngā wāhanga tono kore-hinu me te hau (ahumahi whānui, hangahanga, tukatuka kai) ka taka pea ki raro i ngā whakarōpūtanga takoha rerekē; (3) te whai i te wā arotake o te rā e tomuri ai te takoha ārai-tuku (ka rere te mahi o nāianei tae noa ki Hōngongoi 2028) mō te wā whakauru mākete.
VI. Whakamutunga
Ko ngā whakatakotoranga 21.3×2.77mm me 26.7×2.87mm i raro i te ASTM A106 Gr.B e mahi ana mō ngā paipa tukatuka pāmahana teitei, ngā raina taputapu, me ngā tono whakawhiti wai ahumahi puta noa i te ao. Kei te pupuri tonu a Brazil i te tono hanganga mō ēnei rahi, e akiakihia ana e ngā ngongo taputapu, te aroturuki mamaoa, me ngā hononga whakawhiti wera i roto i ngā rāngai whakamahine, hinu, me te hiko. I roto i te hangarau, ko te ōrite i waenga i te A106 me te NBR 6321 o Brazil ka whakakore i ngā arai paerewa; heoi, i te taha hokohoko, ko te takoha anti-dumping USD 743/tana he arai nui mō te hua Haina. Me whakataurite e ngā kaihoko kaweake ngā utu tutuki, te rautaki hongere, me te tūnga hua kia tutuki ai te whai wāhi pumau ki te mākete o Brazil.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-15-2026
