Chidule: Nkhaniyi ikuwunika zinthu ziwiri zazing'ono zomwe zili pansi pa ASTM A106 Gr.B — 21.3×2.77mm (1/2″ SCH40/STD) ndi 26.7×2.87mm (3/4″ SCH40/STD) — kusanthula momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi poyang'ana kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu pamsika waku Brazil. Makampani opanga mafuta ndi gasi, petrochemical, ndi magetsi ku Brazil amapangitsa kuti zinthuzi zifunike kwambiri, makamaka pa machubu a zida, kutsatira nthunzi, ndi kulumikizana kwa kutentha. Komabe, ogulitsa kunja aku China akukumana ndi udindo woletsa kutaya zinthu zotayidwa wa USD 743 pa tani, zomwe zimafuna kukonzekera bwino kulowa pamsika.
I. Chidule cha Zamalonda
ASTM A106 Gr.Bndi chitoliro cha chitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko pansi pa muyezo wa American Society for Testing and Materials wa ntchito yotentha kwambiri. Giredi B ndiye giredi yodziwika bwino kwambiri, yomwe imapereka kuphatikiza koyenera kwa mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala wamba: C 0.17–0.24%, Si 0.17–0.37%, Mn 0.35–0.65%, ndipo P ndi S zonse ≤0.030%. Kapangidwe ka makina kamaphatikizapo mphamvu yokoka ya 410–550 MPa, malo ophukira a 245 MPa, kutalika kwa 24%, ndi kutentha kwa ntchito kuyambira −29°C mpaka 425°C.
Mafotokozedwe onse awiriwa ali mkati mwa ASME B36.10M ya mainchesi ang'onoang'ono:
| Kufotokozera | Kukula Kwapadera | Ndandanda | Kulemera kwa Chiphunzitso |
| 21.3×2.77 mm | 1/2″ (DN15) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.27 kg/m |
| 26.7×2.87 mm | 3/4″ (DN20) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.68 kg/m2 |
Izi ndi mapaipi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makina opangira mapaipi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mizere ya zida, mizere yoyesera, kutsatira nthunzi, ndi mapaipi opangira otsika. Ogulitsa aku Brazil amalemba 21.3×2.77mm ngati chinthu chokhazikika cha mamita 6 cholemera 7.6 kg pa chidutswa chilichonse, ndi 26.7×2.87mm ngati chitoliro cha 3/4″ SCH40 pa 1.68 kg/m.
II. Misika Yogwiritsira Ntchito Padziko Lonse
Chitoliro cha A106 Gr.BImatumikira mafakitale osiyanasiyana: kutumiza mafuta ndi gasi, makina opangira mankhwala, mapaipi a boiler a plant power, ndi kupanga makina, mpaka kumanga nyumba zachitsulo, kumanga zombo, milatho, zida zamagetsi zamphepo, mphero zamapepala, firiji, kukonza chakudya, ndi kusunga madzi. Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili:
Mapaipi opangidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri. Iyi ndiye ntchito yayikulu. Muyezowu umayang'ana kwambiri ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri, ndi ntchito zachizolowezi kuphatikizapo mizere ya nthunzi, mayunitsi oyeretsera, makina ophikira ndi ma superheater, ndi malo opangira mafuta. Makulidwe a 1/2″ ndi 3/4″ makamaka amagwira ntchito ngati mizere ya instrument impulse, tracing ya nthunzi, mizere ya sampling, ndi mapaipi a nthambi zazing'ono m'makina otere.
Mapaipi othandizira pa ntchito za mafuta ndi gasi. Ngakhale kuti kutumiza kwa magalimoto mtunda wautali kumayang'aniridwa ndiAPI 5L, A106 Gr.B imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamizere yosonkhanitsira minda, kulumikizana ndi zitsime, ndi mapaipi oyeretsera mkati mwa fakitale. Deta yamalonda ikuwonetsa chitoliro chopanda msoko cha 21.3mm OD × 2.77mm WT chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi, nthawi zambiri chimakhala cha mamita 6.
Kusamutsa madzi m'mafakitale. M'malo opangira mankhwala, mankhwala, ndi chakudya, chitoliro chaching'ono cha A106 chimagwira ntchito yoteteza madzi, gasi, ndi mankhwala, nthawi zina yokhala ndi zokutira zakunja kuti ziteteze dzimbiri.
Ntchito za kapangidwe kake ndi makina. Chitoliro chaching'ono chopanda msoko chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mizere ya hydraulic, manja onyamula katundu, ndi zida zofufuzira za geological, zomwe zimafuna kulondola kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe ofanana a makina.
III. Kusanthula Msika wa ku Brazil
3.1 Kugwirizana kwa Miyezo
Miyezo yaukadaulo ya ku Brazil ikugwirizana bwino ndi zomwe ASTM ikunena. Bungwe la Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) lapereka NBR 6321, yofanana ndi ASTM A106, makamaka yokhudza chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri; NBR 5590 ndi yofanana ndiASTM A53pa kayendedwe ka madzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chitoliro cha A106 Gr.B chikugwirizana ndi dongosolo la miyezo ya dziko la Brazil popanda kusintha kapena kutsimikiziranso.
Ogawa ku Brazil akufotokoza momveka bwino malo a A106. Tubonasa, wogulitsa mapaipi ku São Paulo, akunena kuti A106 imakhala "mkati mwa fakitale" - mizere ya nthunzi, mayunitsi oyeretsera, ndi mapaipi otentha kwambiri - pomwe API 5L imayang'anira mapaipi oyendera mtunda wautali. Miyezo iwiriyi imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo siisinthana.
3.2 Magawo Ofunika Kwambiri Ogwiritsira Ntchito
Dziko la Brazil, lomwe ndi limodzi mwa mayiko omwe amapanga mafuta ndi gasi ambiri ku Latin America, lili ndi magawo ake a petrochemical, refinery, ndi magetsi ngati malo ofunikira kwambiri a chitoliro chaching'ono cha A106 Gr.B. Kutengera magwero a mafakitale aku Brazil:
Malo oyeretsera ndi mafakitale a petrochemical. Chitoliro cha A106 Gr.B chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mizere yoyeretsera kutentha kwambiri, kulumikizana kwa chosinthira kutentha, makina ogawa nthunzi, ndi mapaipi a condenser mkati mwa mafakitale oyeretsera. Zolemba zogulira za Petrobras zikuwonetsa chitoliro chosasunthika cha A106-B chomwe chatchulidwa pamachitidwe oyeretsera, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino a kutentha ndi kuthamanga. Kukula kwa 21.3mm ndi 26.7mm kumatumikira mizere ya zida ndi mapaipi othandizira - otsika mu voliyumu ya unit koma okwera kwambiri pakuyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Makina amagetsi ndi ma boiler. Malo opangira magetsi ndi kutentha ku Brazil amafunikira mapaipi amphamvu a carbon steel osapindika otentha kwambiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pamakina amadzi operekera madzi a boiler, ma steam lines, ndi ma condenser circuits. A106 Gr.B ili ndi kutentha kwa −29°C mpaka 425°C komwe kumakhudza momwe makina a boiler amagwirira ntchito.
Mankhwala ndi mankhwala. M'mafakitale a mankhwala ndi mankhwala ku Brazil, chitoliro chaching'ono cha A106 chimagwira ntchito yotumiza madzi oyera kwambiri, kulumikizana kwa reactor, ndi mizere yamagetsi. Kapangidwe kopanda msoko kamakondedwa komwe kumafunika kusalala mkati ndi kusakhalapo kwa mipata yolumikizira.
Makampani ndi zomangamanga zonse. Maukonde ogawa gasi m'mizinda, njira zotulutsira nthunzi ndi madzi otentha m'mafakitale azakudya ndi zakumwa, ndi mapaipi oyendera madzi otentha a HVAC zimapangitsanso kufunikira kwa mapaipi ang'onoang'ono a A106.
3.3 Malo Ogulitsira Zinthu Zochokera Kunja
Dziko la Brazil ndi dziko lofunika kwambiri kuitanitsa mapaipi achitsulo chosasunthika. Malinga ndi deta ya World Bank WITS, mitengo ya mapaipi osasunthika (HS 7304) yomwe Brazil idagula mu 2023 inali pafupifupi USD 157 miliyoni, yomwe imayimira matani pafupifupi 157,000 (ma diameter onse ndi ma grade onse).
Komabe, ogulitsa kunja aku China akukumana ndi vuto lalikulu la malonda. Pa Julayi 24, 2023, Bungwe Loona za Malonda Akunja ku Brazil (GECEX) linapereka Chigamulo Nambala 497, chomwe chikupitirizabe kulipira msonkho woletsa kutaya zinthu pa chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko kuchokera ku China (m'mimba mwake ≤5 mainchesi / 141.3mm, pa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi, Mercosur tariff code 7304.19.00) pamtengo wa USD 743.00 pa tani kwa zaka zisanu. Mtengo uwu umapangitsa kuti pakhale kukakamizidwa kwakukulu pa chitoliro cha 21.3mm ndi 26.7mm A106 Gr.B. Poyerekeza ndi mtengo wodziwika wa 2026 wa USD 750–1,150 pa tani ya chitoliro chopanda msoko cha A106 Gr.B, msonkho woletsa kutaya zinthu umayimira ndalama zina za 65–99%.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, muyeso woletsa kutaya madzi umaphimba bwino chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko chokhala ndi mainchesi OD ≤5 (141.3mm) kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi. Ma specifications onse a 21.3mm ndi 26.7mm ali mkati mwa izi. Mu Julayi 2026, Brazil idayambitsanso kafukufuku woletsa kutaya madzi pa chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni chopangidwa kuchokera ku China (Mercosur tariff codes 7305.11.00 ndi 7305.12.00), ngakhale izi zikuyang'ana kwambiri pa zinthu zolumikizidwa osati zinthu zosasunthika. Komabe, izi zikusonyeza kuti malonda akuchulukirachulukira motsutsana ndi zinthu zoyenderana ndi mapaipi achitsulo aku China.
IV. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri ku Brazil (Kuyang'ana Kwakang'ono)
Pophatikiza miyezo ya ku Brazil, deta yogwiritsira ntchito mafakitale, ndi makhalidwe a malonda ochokera kunja, mapaipi osanjikiza a 21.3×2.77mm ndi 26.7×2.87mm A106 Gr.B amagwira ntchito zazikulu izi akatumizidwa ku Brazil:
Zingwe zoyezera zida ndi zitsanzo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mapaipi ang'onoang'ono osapindika m'mafakitale oyezera zinthu ku Brazil, mafakitale a petrochemical, ndi malo opangira gasi lachilengedwe ndi machubu oyezera zinthu ndi zitsanzo za zida. Izi zimalumikizana mwachindunji ndi ma transmitter opanikizika, ma flow meter, ndi ma analyzer apaintaneti, zomwe zimafuna malo oyera amkati, miyeso yeniyeni, komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri ndi kupanikizika. 21.3mm ndi 26.7mm ndi kukula kofala kwambiri pa mapaipi a zida.
Kutsata ndi kugawa nthunzi. Malo opangira mafuta ndi oyeretsera ku Brazil amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kutsata nthunzi kuti aletse kuti zinthu zogwirira ntchito zisaume kapena kupangika makristalo. Chitoliro cha A106 chaching'ono chimagwira ntchito ngati nthambi zogawa ndi mizere yobwerera ya condensate, yokhala ndi kukula kofanana ndi kukula kwa chomera.
Zolumikizira zosinthira kutentha ndi zolumikizira zolumikizira. Zosinthira kutentha, zolumikizira zolumikizira, ndi zobwezeretsanso kutentha m'magawo amagetsi ndi petrochemical ku Brazil nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro chopanda msoko cha A106 Gr.B chaching'ono cham'mimba mwake chopanda msoko poziziritsira nthambi zamadzi, zolumikizira zolowera nthunzi, ndi zotulutsira madzi oundana.
Makina ogwiritsira ntchito ndi othandizira. Mizere yoponderezedwa ya mpweya, mapaipi a nayitrogeni, nthambi zogawa nthunzi, ndi nthambi zoyambira za makina oziziritsa moto m'mafakitale aku Brazil nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro cha 1/2″ ndi 3/4″ A106 Gr.B. Ntchitozi zimatengera mtengo koma zimafuna kuletsa kuthamanga kwa mpweya komanso kukana kutentha, pomwe chiŵerengero cha mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito a A106 Gr.B chili chabwino.
V. Mavuto a Msika ndi Zolinga Zanzeru
Zotsatira za mtengo wa msonkho woletsa kutaya katundu. Ndalama zolipirira kutaya katundu za USD 743/tani zimaika chitoliro chaching'ono cha Chinese A106 pamtengo wotsika poyerekeza ndi zinthu zaku Brazil kapena zinthu zochokera ku Romania (mtengo wa msonkho ndi USD 75.11/tani). Pazinthu zazing'ono zomwe zili ndi mtengo wotsika wa mayunitsi, msonkhowu umayimira mtengo wapamwamba wa chinthucho, zomwe zimawononga mpikisano wamitengo mosiyanasiyana.
Satifiketi ndi kutsatira malamulo. Brazil ikufuna satifiketi ya INMETRO pazinthu zachitsulo. Chitoliro cha A106 Gr.B chomwe chikugulitsidwa ku Brazil chiyenera kutsatira zofunikira pakulemba chizindikiro cha NBR 6321, kuphatikiza dzina la wopanga kapena chizindikiro cha malonda, chizindikiritso cha API Spec 5L chovomerezeka, ndi chizindikiro cha satifiketi cha INMETRO. Otumiza kunja ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonse zili ndi zikalata zonse, ziphaso zazinthu, ndi malipoti owunikira a chipani chachitatu kuti achepetse kuchedwa kwa misonkho.
Malangizo a njira zoyendetsera njira. Popeza pali ntchito yoletsa kutaya katundu, ogulitsa kunja aku China angaganizire izi: (1) kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa nthawi yayitali ndi ogulitsa aku Brazil kuti agwiritse ntchito maukonde azinthu ndi makasitomala am'deralo kuti agawane ndalama; (2) kufufuza magawo ogwiritsira ntchito mafuta ndi gasi (makampani ambiri, zomangamanga, kukonza chakudya) omwe angagwere m'magulu osiyanasiyana amitengo; (3) kutsatira nthawi yowunikira nthawi yoletsa kutaya katundu (muyezo wapano ukuchitika mpaka Julayi 2028) kuti apeze nthawi yolowera pamsika.
VI. Mapeto
Mafotokozedwe a 21.3×2.77mm ndi 26.7×2.87mm pansi pa ASTM A106 Gr.B amapereka mapaipi otentha kwambiri, zingwe za zida, ndi ntchito zotumizira madzi m'mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi. Brazil imasunga kufunikira kwa kapangidwe ka kukula kumeneku, makamaka chifukwa cha machubu a zida, kutsatira nthunzi, ndi kulumikizana kwa kutentha m'magawo oyeretsera, petrochemical, ndi magetsi. Mwaukadaulo, kufanana pakati pa A106 ndi NBR 6321 yaku Brazil kumachotsa zopinga za miyezo; komabe, malonda, ntchito yoletsa kutaya madzi ya USD 743/tonne imabweretsa chopinga chachikulu kwa zinthu zaku China. Ogulitsa kunja ayenera kulinganiza ndalama zotsatizana ndi malamulo, njira zoyendetsera, ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito zinthu kuti akwaniritse kutenga nawo mbali mokhazikika pamsika waku Brazil.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-15-2026
