Pfupiso: Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora zvinhu zviviri zvidiki-diki pasi peASTM A106 Gr.B — 21.3×2.77mm (1/2″ SCH40/STD) uye 26.7×2.87mm (3/4″ SCH40/STD) — vachiongorora mamiriro ekushandiswa kwavo pasi rose vachitarisa pakushandiswa kwemagetsi mumusika weBrazil. Maindasitiri emafuta negesi muBrazil, petrochemical, uye simba anokonzera kudiwa kwakanyanya kwezvigadzirwa izvi, kunyanya zvemachubhu emidziyo, kutevedza steam, uye kubatanidza kupisa. Zvisinei, vatengesi vekuChina vanotarisana nemutoro wekurwisa dumping weUSD 743 patani, zvichida kuronga zvakanaka kupinda mumusika.
I. Pfupiso yeChigadzirwa
ASTM A106 Gr.Bipfungwa yepombi yesimbi yekabhoni isina musono pasi peAmerican Society for Testing and Materials standard yebasa rekupisa kwakanyanya. Giredhi B ndiro giredhi rakanyanya kutaurwa, richipa musanganiswa wakaenzana wesimba uye weldability. Kuumbwa kwemakemikari kwakajairika: C 0.17–0.24%, Si 0.17–0.37%, Mn 0.35–0.65%, neP naS zvese zviri ≤0.030%. Hunhu hwemakanika hunosanganisira simba rekudhonza re410–550 MPa, poindi yekukohwa ye245 MPa, kureba kwe24%, uye tembiricha yekushandira iri pakati pe −29°C kusvika 425°C.
Zvese zviri zviviri zvinowira mukati mehuwandu hudiki hweASME B36.10M:
| Tsanangudzo | Saizi Yezita | Purogiramu | Kurema kwedzidziso |
| 21.3×2.77 mm | 1/2″ (DN15) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.27 kg/m |
| 26.7×2.87 mm | 3/4″ (DN20) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.68 kg/m |
Aya ndiwo mapombi madiki anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumasisitimu emapaipi ekugadzira, akaiswa zvakanyanya mumitsetse yezvishandiso, mitsetse yesampuru, tracing yemhepo, uye mapaipi ekugadzira anoyerera zvishoma. Vatengesi vekuBrazil vanonyora 21.3×2.77mm sechigadzirwa chakajairika chehurefu hwemamita matanhatu chinorema 7.6 kg pachidimbu chimwe nechimwe, uye 26.7×2.87mm sepombi yeSCH40 ye3/4″ pa1.68 kg/m.
II. Misika yeMashandisirwo Epasi Pose
Pombi yeA106 Gr.BInoshanda mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana: kutumira mafuta negasi, masisitimu ezvemakemikari, mapaipi emagetsi ekugadzira mabhoyira, uye kugadzira michina, zvichienda kuzvivakwa zvesimbi zvekuvaka, kuvaka ngarava, mabhiriji, michina yemagetsi emhepo, magayo emapepa, firiji, kugadzira chikafu, uye kuchengetedza mvura. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu anoshanda:
Mapaipi ekupisa kwakanyanya uye ane kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Uku ndiko kushandiswa kukuru. Mutemo uyu unonyanya kunangana nebasa rekupisa kwakanyanya, nekushandiswa kwakajairika kunosanganisira mitsetse yemhepo, mayuniti ekuchenesa, masisitimu eboiler nesuperheater, uye nzvimbo dzekugadzirisa petrochemical. Saizi dze 1/2″ ne 3/4″ dzinonyanya kushanda semitsetse yekufema yemidziyo, tracing yemhepo, mitsetse yesampuro, uye mitsetse yebazi diki mumasisitimu akadaro.
Mapaipi ekubatsira mukushanda kwemafuta negasi. Kunyange zvazvo kutumira kwemhepo kure kuri kutungamirirwa neAPI 5L, A106 Gr.B inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumitsetse yekuunganidza minda, kubatana kwenzvimbo dzemvura, uye mapaipi ekuchenesa mukati mefekitori. Ruzivo rwekutengeserana runoratidza kuti mapaipi asina musono e21.3mm OD × 2.77mm WT akagadzirirwa mapaipi emafuta negasi, kazhinji ane hurefu hwemamita matanhatu.
Kutamiswa kwemvura mumaindasitiri. Munzvimbo dzemakemikari, mishonga, uye kugadzira chikafu, pombi yeA106 ine dhayamita diki inobata mvura, gasi, uye makemikari, dzimwe nguva nejira rekunze rekudzivirira ngura.
Mashandisirwo ekuvaka nekushandisa michina. Mapaipi madiki asina musono anoshandiswa mumitsetse ye hydraulic, mabhegi ekutakura, uye maturusi ekuongorora geology, zvinoda kunyatsojeka uye hunhu hwemashini hwakafanana.
III. Kuongorora Musika weBrazil
3.1 Kurongeka Kwemazinga
Mitemo yehunyanzvi yeBrazil inoramba ichiwirirana zvakajeka nezvinodiwa neASTM. Sangano reBrazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) rakaburitsa NBR 6321, yakaenzana neASTM A106, kunyanya yemapaipi esimbi yekabhoni isina musono mukupisa kwakanyanya; NBR 5590 yakaenzana neASTM A53yekufambisa mvura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pombi yeA106 Gr.B inoenderana nehurongwa hwemitemo yemuno yeBrazil pasina kushandurwa kana kupihwa chitupa patsva.
Vatengesi vekuBrazil vanotsanangura zvakajeka nzvimbo yeA106. Tubonasa, mutengesi wemapombi ari kuSão Paulo, anoti A106 inogara "mukati mefekitori" - mitsetse yemhepo, mayuniti ekuchenesa, uye mapaipi ekupisa kwakanyanya - nepo API 5L ichitonga mapaipi ekufambisa ari kure. Mitemo miviri iyi inoshanda mabasa akasiyana uye haichinjiki.
3.2 Zvikamu Zvikuru zveKushandisa
Brazil, seimwe yemakambani makuru ekugadzira mafuta negasi muLatin America, ine zvikamu zvayo zvemafuta, zvekuchenesa, uye zvemagetsi senzvimbo huru dzinodiwa dzepombi diki yeA106 Gr.B. Zvichibva pamashoko eindasitiri yeBrazil:
Mafekitori emafuta nemafuta emuchina. Pombi yeA106 Gr.B inoshandiswa mumitsetse yekupisa kwakanyanya, kubatanidza kupisa, masisitimu ekugovera steam, uye mapombi econdenser mukati mefekitori. Zvinyorwa zvekutenga zvePetrobras zvinoratidza pombi yeA106-B isina musono yakatarwa kune masisitimu ekugadzirisa firini, ine magadzirirwo akajeka ekupisa uye maparamita ekumanikidza. Saizi dze21.3mm ne26.7mm dzinoshanda mitsetse yemidziyo nemapombi ekubatsira - yakaderera muhuwandu hweyuniti asi yakakwira muhuwandu hwekuiswa, zvichigadzira kudiwa kwemhando inogoneka.
Masisitimu emagetsi nemabhaira. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura nekupisa muBrazil zvinoda mapaipi esimbi yekabhoni isina musono anodziya zvakanyanya emvura yemabhaira, mitsetse yemhepo, uye macircuits econdenser. A106 Gr.B's service range −29°C kusvika 425°C inofukidza zvizere mamiriro ekushanda kwesisitimu yebhaira.
Mishonga nemakemikari. Mumaindasitiri emishonga nemakemikari ekuBrazil, pombi yeA106 ine dhayamita diki inobata kutamiswa kwemvura yakachena kwazvo, kubatana kwema reactor, uye mitsetse yemagetsi. Kuvakwa kusina musono kunosarudzwa uko kunodiwa kuti kutsvedzerere mukati uye kusavapo kwemisungo yeweld.
Maindasitiri nezvivakwa zvakajairika. Nzvimbo dzekugovera gasi dzemakanzuru, migero yemvura inopisa netsvina mumafekitori ezvekudya nezvinwiwa, uye mapaipi emvura inopisa eHVAC zvinoitawo kuti pave nezvinodiwa zvemapaipi madiki eA106.
3.3 Nzvimbo Yekutengeserana Nekutengeserana Nekunze
Brazil inzvimbo inonyanya kuunza mapaipi esimbi asina musono. Sekureva kwedata reWorld Bank WITS, mari yakaunzwa muBrazil muna 2023 yemapaipi asina musono (HS 7304) yakasvika pamadhora zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu nenomwe ($157 miriyoni) kukosha kwayo, inomiririra matani angangoita zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu nenomwe (madhayamita ese nemagiredhi).
Zvisinei, vatengesi vekuChina vakatarisana nedambudziko guru rekutengeserana. Musi wa24 Chikunguru, 2023, Brazil's Foreign Trade Commission (GECEX) yakaburitsa Resolution Nhamba 497, ichiramba ichibhadharisa mari yekudzivirira marara pamapombi esimbi yekabhoni isina musono kubva kuChina (dhayamita yekunze ≤5 inches/141.3mm, emapombi emafuta negasi, Mercosur tariff code 7304.19.00) pamutengo weUSD 743.00 patani kwemakore mashanu. Mutengo uyu unoisa kumanikidzwa kukuru kwemutengo pamapombi e21.3mm ne26.7mm A106 Gr.B. Zvichienderana nemutengo we2026 weUSD 750–1,150 patani yepombi isina musono yeA106 Gr.B, mutengo wekudzivirira marara unomiririra mutoro wekuwedzera we65–99%.
Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti, chiyero chekudzivirira kuraswa kwemafuta chinonyatsovhara pombi yesimbi yekabhoni isina musono ine OD ≤5 inches (141.3mm) yekushandisa mapaipi emafuta negasi. 21.3mm ne26.7mm zvese zviri mukati mechirongwa ichi. Muna Chikunguru 2026, Brazil yakatangawo kuferefeta kurwisa kuraswa kwemafuta mupombi yesimbi yekabhoni yakasungirirwa kubva kuChina (Mercosur tariff codes 7305.11.00 na 7305.12.00), kunyange hazvo izvi zvichinangana nekugadzirwa kwemafuta kwete kugadzirwa kwemafuta. Maitiro aya achiri kuratidza kusimbaradzwa kwekutengeserana kwepombi yesimbi yeChina.
IV. Mashandisirwo Ekutanga muBrazil (Maonero Ekuti Dhayamita Diki)
Zvichibatanidza hurongwa hweBrazil hwemitemo, data rekushandiswa kweindasitiri, uye hunhu hwekutengeserana kunze kwenyika, mapaipi asina musono e21.3×2.77mm uye 26.7×2.87mm A106 Gr.B anoshanda zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa pakutanga pakutengeswa kuBrazil:
Mitsetse yemidziyo nesampuli. Mapombi madiki asina musono anonyanya kushandiswa muBrazilian refineries, petrochemical plants, uye natural gas processing imhando yemapipi ekuisa sampuli yemidziyo nematanho ekuisa sampuli. Izvi zvinobatana zvakananga nemapressure transmitters, flow meter, uye online analyzers, zvinoda nzvimbo dzakachena dzemukati, saizi chaiyo, uye kuramba kupisa kwakanyanya nekumanikidzwa. 21.3mm ne26.7mm ndiwo masayizi maviri akajairika mumapipi emidziyo.
Kutevedza nekuparadzira mhute. Nzvimbo dzeBrazil dzemafuta nedzekuchenesa dzinoshandisa zvakanyanya kutevedza mhute kudzivirira kuti michina iome kana kuti iite makristaro. Pombi yeA106 ine dhayamita diki inoshanda sematavi ekuparadzira uye mitsetse yekudzoka inodziya, nehukuru hwayo hwakafanana nehukuru hwechigadzirwa.
Zvinobatanidza kupisa nezvinochinjisa mvura. Zvinochinjisa kupisa, zvinochinjisa mvura, uye zvinodzoreredza mvura muzvikamu zvemagetsi nemafuta emuBrazil zvinowanzoshandisa pombi diki yeA106 Gr.B isina musono pamatanho ekutonhodza mvura, zvinobatanidza mvura inopinza, uye zvinoburitsa mvura inodziya.
Masisitimu ekushandisa uye ekubatsira. Mitsetse yemhepo yakamanikidzwa, mapaipi enitrogen, matavi ekugovera utsi, uye matavi emagetsi emvura yemoto mumafekitori eindasitiri ekuBrazil anowanzo shandisa mapaipi eA106 Gr.B e1/2″ uye 3/4″. Mashandisirwo aya anonyanya kukoshesa mutengo asi anoda kudzora kumanikidzwa uye kuramba kupisa, uko chiyero chemutengo-kushanda kweA106 Gr.B chinobatsira.
V. Matambudziko eMusika uye Kufunga Nezvehurongwa
Kukanganiswa kwemitengo yemitero yekudzivisa kurasirwa kwedoti. Mutengo weUSD 743/tani wekudzivirira kurasirwa kwedoti unoisa pombi diki yeChina A106 padanho repamusoro-soro kana tichienzanisa nezvigadzirwa zvemuno zveBrazil kana zvinhu zvinotengeswa kubva kuRomania (mutengo wedoti USD 75.11/tani). Kune zvirevo zvemadhigirii madiki zvine mayuniti akaderera, mutengo uyu unomiririra chikamu chikuru chekukosha kwechigadzirwa, zvichideredza kukwikwidzana kwemitengo zvakanyanya.
Chitupa uye kutevedzera mitemo. Brazil inoda chitupa cheINMETRO chezvigadzirwa zvemapaipi esimbi. Pombi yeA106 Gr.B inotengeswa muBrazil inofanirwa kutevedzera zvinodiwa zvekumaka zveNBR 6321, zvinosanganisira zita remugadziri kana chiratidzo chekutengeserana, chitupa cheAPI Spec 5L chinoshanda, uye chiratidzo cheINMETRO. Vatengesi vekunze vanofanira kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvigadzirwa zvakazara, zvitupa zvekushandisa, uye mishumo yekuongorora yebato rechitatu kuderedza kunonoka kwemitero.
Mazano ehurongwa hwechiteshi. Zvichienderana nebasa rekudzivirira kurasirwa kwemafuta kubva mudumpling, vatengesi vekuChina vanogona kufunga nezve: (1) kutanga hukama hwenguva refu nevatengesi vekuBrazil kuti vashandise ma network emuno nevatengi vemunharaunda kuti vagovane mari; (2) kuongorora zvikamu zvisiri zvemafuta negasi (indasitiri yakajairika, kuvaka, kugadzira chikafu) zvinogona kuwira pasi pemhando dzakasiyana dzemitero; (3) kutevera nguva yekuongorora kusara kwezuva kwemafuta kubva mudumpling (chiyero chiripo chinosvika muna Chikunguru 2028) kuti vaone nguva yekupinda mumusika.
VI. Mhedziso
Magadzirirwo e21.3×2.77mm uye 26.7×2.87mm pasi peASTM A106 Gr.B anoshanda pakupisa kwakanyanya, mitsetse yemidziyo, uye mashandisirwo ekutamisa mvura mumaindasitiri pasi rose. Brazil inochengetedza kudiwa kwehukuru uhwu, zvichinyanya kukonzerwa nekubatanidza machubhu emidziyo, kutevedza steam, uye kubatanidza kupisa muzvikamu zvekuchenesa, petrochemical, uye simba. Muchokwadi, kuenzana pakati peA106 neBrazil's NBR 6321 kunobvisa zvipingamupinyi zvemitemo; zvisinei, mukutengeserana, basa rekudzivirira dumping reUSD 743/tonne rinopa chipingamupinyi chikuru kune zvigadzirwa zveChina. Vatengesi vanofanirwa kuyera mitengo yekutevedzera mitemo, nzira yekufambisa, uye nzvimbo yezvigadzirwa kuti vawane mukana wekugara mumusika weBrazil.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-15-2026
