Isifinyezo: Lesi sihloko sihlola izincazelo ezimbili ezincane ngaphansi kwe-ASTM A106 Gr.B — 21.3×2.77mm (1/2″ SCH40/STD) kanye no-26.7×2.87mm (3/4″ SCH40/STD) — sihlaziya isimo sesicelo sabo somhlaba wonke ngokugxila ekusetshenzisweni kokugcina emakethe yaseBrazil. Izimboni zikawoyela negesi, i-petrochemical, kanye namandla zaseBrazil zibangela isidingo esiqinile salezi zincazelo, ikakhulukazi zokuxhuma amapayipi ezinsimbi, ukulandelela umusi, kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-heat exchanger. Kodwa-ke, abathumeli baseShayina babhekene nomsebenzi wokulwa nokulahla udoti ongu-USD 743 ngethani, odinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela ukungena emakethe.
I. Ukubuka Konke Komkhiqizo
I-ASTM A106 Gr.Biyincazelo yepayipi lensimbi yekhabhoni engenamthungo ngaphansi kwe-American Society for Testing and Materials standard yesevisi yokushisa okuphezulu. Ibanga B yibanga elichazwe kabanzi, elinikeza inhlanganisela elinganiselayo yamandla kanye nokushibilika. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuvamile: C 0.17–0.24%, Si 0.17–0.37%, Mn 0.35–0.65%, kanye ne-P kanye ne-S kokubili ≤0.030%. Izakhiwo zemishini zifaka phakathi amandla okudonsa angu-410–550 MPa, iphuzu lokukhiqiza elingu-245 MPa, ukunwebeka okungu-24%, kanye nobubanzi bokushisa besevisi obungu-−29°C kuya ku-425°C.
Zombili lezi zincazelo ziwela ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuncane be-ASME B36.10M:
| Imininingwane | Usayizi Ojwayelekile | Ishejuli | Isisindo Semfundiso |
| 21.3×2.77 mm | 1/2″ (DN15) | I-SCH40 / STD | ~1.27 kg/m |
| 26.7×2.87 mm | 3/4″ (DN20) | I-SCH40 / STD | ~1.68 kg/m |
Lawa ngamapayipi amancane kakhulu asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamapayipi ezinqubo, afakwe kakhulu emigqeni yezinsimbi, emigqeni yokuthatha amasampula, ekulandeleni umusi, kanye nasepayipini lezinqubo ezigeleza kancane. Abaphakeli baseBrazil babala u-21.3×2.77mm njengomkhiqizo ojwayelekile wamamitha ayi-6 ubude onesisindo esingu-7.6 kg ngesiqephu ngasinye, kanye no-26.7×2.87mm njengepayipi le-SCH40 elingu-3/4″ ku-1.68 kg/m.
II. Izimakethe Zokusebenza Zomhlaba Wonke
Ipayipi le-A106 Gr.Bikhonza izinhlobo eziningi zezimboni: ukudluliswa kukawoyela negesi, izinhlelo zemidiya yamakhemikhali, amapayipi ebhoyila esitshalo samandla, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemishini, okudlulela ezakhiweni zensimbi zokwakha, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, amabhuloho, imishini yamandla omoya, imishini yokugaya amaphepha, iziqandisi, ukucubungula ukudla, kanye nokongiwa kwamanzi. Ngokwesimo esisebenzayo:
Amapayipi enqubo yokushisa okuphezulu, anomfutho ophezulu. Lolu uhlelo lokusebenza oluyinhloko. Indinganiso ihlose ngokusobala isevisi yokushisa okuphezulu, ngokusetshenziswa okuvamile okuhlanganisa imigqa yomusi, amayunithi okuhlanza, izinhlelo zebhoyila kanye ne-superheater, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula i-petrochemical. Osayizi abangu-1/2″ no-3/4″ basebenza ngokuyinhloko njengemigqa yokucindezela kwensiza, ukulandelela umusi, imigqa yokulinganisa, kanye namapayipi egatsha amancane ageleza ezinhlelweni ezinjalo.
Amapayipi asizayo emisebenzini kawoyela negesi. Ngenkathi ukudluliselwa kwebanga elide kuphethwe yiI-API 5L, I-A106 Gr.B isetshenziswa kakhulu emigqeni yokuqoqa insimu, ukuxhumana kwemithombo yamanzi, kanye namapayipi okuhlanza angaphakathi kwesitshalo. Idatha yezohwebo ikhombisa ipayipi elingenamthungo elingu-21.3mm OD × 2.77mm WT eliklanyelwe ngqo amapayipi kawoyela negesi, ngokuvamile ubude bamamitha ayi-6.
Ukudluliswa koketshezi olujwayelekile lwezimboni. Ezindaweni zokucubungula amakhemikhali, ezemithi, nezokudla, ipayipi le-A106 elincane liphatha amanzi, igesi, kanye nemidiya yamakhemikhali, ngezinye izikhathi ngengubo yangaphandle yokumelana nokugqwala okuthuthukisiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo kanye nokwemishini. Ipayipi elincane elingenamthungo lisetshenziswa emigqeni ye-hydraulic, imikhono yokuthwala, kanye namathuluzi okuhlola i-geological, okudinga ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ezihambisanayo.
III. Ukuhlaziywa Kwemakethe YaseBrazil
3.1 Ukuqondaniswa Kwamazinga
Izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zaseBrazil zigcina ukuhambisana okucacile nemininingwane ye-ASTM. I-Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) ikhiphe i-NBR 6321, elingana ne-ASTM A106, ikakhulukazi yamapayipi ensimbi yekhabhoni angenamthungo asetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu; i-NBR 5590 ilingana ne-I-ASTM A53ukuze kuhanjiswe uketshezi olujwayelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ipayipi le-A106 Gr.B lihambisana kahle nohlaka lwezindinganiso zasekhaya zaseBrazil ngaphandle kokuguqulwa noma ukuqinisekiswa kabusha.
Abasabalalisi baseBrazil bachaza ngokucacile indawo i-A106 ebekwe kuyo. I-Tubonasa, umsabalalisi wamapayipi oseSão Paulo, ithi i-A106 ihlala "ngaphakathi kwesitshalo" - imigqa yomusi, amayunithi okuhlanza, kanye namapayipi enqubo yokushisa okuphezulu - kuyilapho i-API 5L ilawula amapayipi okuthutha amabanga amade. Lezi zindinganiso ezimbili zisebenza imisebenzi ehlukene futhi azishintshisani.
3.2 Imikhakha Ebalulekile Yokusetshenziswa
IBrazil, njengomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu bakawoyela negesi eLatin America, inemikhakha yayo yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli, yokucwenga, kanye neyamandla njengezikhungo eziyinhloko zesidingo sepayipi elincane le-A106 Gr.B. Ngokusekelwe emithonjeni yezimboni zaseBrazil:
Izindawo zokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo ze-petrochemical. Ipayipi le-A106 Gr.B lisetshenziswa emigqeni yenqubo yokushisa okuphezulu, ukuxhumana kwe-heat exchanger, izinhlelo zokusabalalisa umusi, kanye namapayipi e-condenser ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlanza. Amarekhodi okuthengwa kwe-Petrobras abonisa ipayipi elingenamthungo le-A106-B elichazwe ezinhlelweni zenqubo yokuhlanza, elinamapharamitha okushisa acacile kanye nokucindezela. Osayizi abangu-21.3mm no-26.7mm basebenzela imigqa yezinsimbi kanye namapayipi asekelayo - ivolumu yeyunithi iphansi kodwa ivolumu ephezulu yokufakwa, okwenza isidingo sezinga lokusetshenziswa.
Izinhlelo zikagesi kanye ne-boiler. Iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi kanye nezokushisa zaseBrazil zidinga ipayipi elikhulu le-carbon steel elingenamthungo lokushisa eliphezulu lezinhlelo zamanzi okuphakelwa kwe-boiler, imigqa yesitimu, kanye nezifunda ze-condenser. Ibanga lesevisi lika-A106 Gr.B elisukela ku-−29°C kuya ku-425°C lihlanganisa ngokugcwele izimo zokusebenza kwesistimu ye-boiler.
Amakhemikhali kanye nemithi. Ezimbonini zamakhemikhali kanye nemithi zaseBrazil, ipayipi elincane le-A106 liphatha ukudluliselwa koketshezi oluhlanzekile kakhulu, ukuxhumeka kwe-reactor, kanye nemigqa yokusetshenziswa. Ukwakhiwa okungenamthungo kuyathandwa lapho kudingeka khona ukushelela kwangaphakathi kanye nokungabikho kwemithungo yokushisela.
Imboni kanye nengqalasizinda evamile. Amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa igesi kamasipala, imigqa yamanzi ashisayo kanye neyomusi ezitshalweni zokudla neziphuzo, kanye namapayipi okujikeleza kwamanzi ashisayo e-HVAC nawo adala isidingo esiqhubekayo sepayipi elincane le-A106.
3.3 Indawo Yokuhweba Ngempahla Engenayo
IBrazil ingumthengisi omkhulu wamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo. Ngokusho kwedatha ye-WITS yeBhange Lomhlaba, ukungeniswa kwamapayipi angenamthungo eBrazil ngo-2023 (HS 7304) kwaba nenani elilinganiselwa ku-USD 157 million, okumelela cishe amathani ayi-157,000 (wonke ububanzi namagremu).
Kodwa-ke, abathumeli baseShayina babhekene nesithiyo esikhulu sokuhweba. Ngomhlaka-24 Julayi 2023, iKhomishini Yezohwebo Lwangaphandle yaseBrazil (i-GECEX) yakhipha iSinqumo No. 497, esiqhubeka nentela yokulwa nokulahla imfucuza epayipini lensimbi yekhabhoni elingenamthungo elivela eShayina (ububanzi bangaphandle obungu-≤5 amayintshi/141.3mm, yamapayipi kawoyela negesi, ikhodi yentela yeMercosur 7304.19.00) ngesilinganiso sama-USD 743.00 ngethani iminyaka emihlanu. Leli zinga lentela libeka ingcindezi enkulu yezindleko epayipini elingu-21.3mm kanye nelingu-26.7mm A106 Gr.B. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobubanzi bentengo yokubhekisela ka-2026 obungu-USD 750–1,150 ngethani lepayipi elingenamthungo le-A106 Gr.B, intela yokulwa nokulahla imfucuza imelela umthwalo wezindleko owengeziwe ongu-65–99%.
Okuphawulekayo ukuthi isilinganiso sokulwa nokulahla imfucuza simboza ngokusobala ipayipi lensimbi yekhabhoni elingenamthungo eline-OD ≤5 amayintshi (141.3mm) lokusetshenziswa kwepayipi likawoyela negesi. Zombili izincazelo ezingu-21.3mm kanye no-26.7mm ziwela ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu. NgoJulayi 2026, iBrazil yaqala nophenyo lokulwa nokulahla imfucuza ngepayipi lensimbi yekhabhoni elihlanganisiwe elivela eShayina (amakhodi entela e-Mercosur 7305.11.00 kanye no-7305.12.00), yize lokhu kuhlose ukunamathela kumkhiqizo ongenamthungo. Lo mkhuba usabonisa ukuqinisa izindlela zokuhweba ngokumelene nemikhiqizo yamapayipi ensimbi aseShayina.
IV. Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko EBrazil (Umbono Wobubanzi Obuncane)
Ngokuhlanganisa uhlaka lwezindinganiso zaseBrazil, idatha yesicelo semboni, kanye nezici zokuhweba ngokungenisa, amapayipi angenamthungo angu-21.3×2.77mm kanye no-26.7×2.87mm A106 Gr.B asebenza ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo zokusetshenziswa lapho kuthunyelwa eBrazil:
Imigqa yezinsimbi kanye neyokuthatha amasampula. Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kakhulu kwepayipi elincane elingenamthungo ezindaweni zokuhluza zaseBrazil, izitshalo ze-petrochemical, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula igesi yemvelo yimigqa ye-instrument impulse kanye ne-process sampling. Lokhu kuxhuma ngqo kuma-pressure transmitters, ama-flow meter, kanye nama-analyzer aku-inthanethi, okudinga izindawo zangaphakathi ezihlanzekile, ubukhulu obuqondile, kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi. U-21.3mm no-26.7mm yibo osayizi ababili abavame kakhulu kumapayipi ezinsimbi.
Ukulandelela nokusabalalisa umusi. Izikhungo zamakhemikhali kaphethiloli kanye nezokuhlanza zaseBrazil zisebenzisa kakhulu ukulandelela umusi ukuvimbela imidiya yenqubo ukuthi iqine noma iqine. Ipayipi le-A106 elinobubanzi obuncane lisebenza njengamagatsha okusabalalisa kanye nemigqa yokubuyisa i-condensate, ngokulinganisa ivolumu ngokuhambisana nosayizi wesitshalo.
Ukuxhumeka kwe-heat exchanger kanye ne-condenser. Ama-heat exchanger, ama-condenser, kanye nama-reboilers emikhakheni yamandla kanye ne-petrochemical yaseBrazil avame ukusebenzisa ipayipi elincane elingashukumi le-A106 Gr.B lamagatsha amanzi okupholisa, ukuxhumeka kokungena komusi, kanye nezindawo zokukhipha i-condensate.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo ezisizayo. Imigqa yomoya ecindezelwe, amapayipi e-nitrogen, amagatsha okusabalalisa umusi, kanye namagatsha okugcina amanzi omlilo ezitshalweni zezimboni zaseBrazil ngokuvamile asebenzisa ipayipi le-A106 Gr.B elingu-1/2″ kanye ne-3/4″ elingu-3/4″. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zibucayi ezindleko kodwa zidinga ukugcinwa kwengcindezi okuyisisekelo kanye nokumelana nokushisa, lapho isilinganiso sezindleko nokusebenza kwe-A106 Gr.B sizuzisa khona.
V. Izinselele Zemakethe kanye Nokucatshangelwa Kwamasu
Umthelela wezindleko zemisebenzi yokulwa nokulahla imfucuza. I-USD 743/tonne ye-anti-dumping dumpling dumpling dumpling dumpling dumpling ibeka ipayipi elincane laseShayina i-A106 endaweni embi kakhulu yezindleko ezifike lapho uma kuqhathaniswa nomkhiqizo wasekhaya waseBrazil noma ukungeniswa okuvela eRomania (izinga lentela i-USD 75.11/tonne). Ngezincazelo ezincane ze-damping dumpling ezinenani eliphansi leyunithi, intela imelela ingxenye ephezulu yenani lomkhiqizo, okunciphisa ukuncintisana kwentengo ngokungalingani.
Isitifiketi kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho. IBrazil idinga isitifiketi se-INMETRO semikhiqizo yamapayipi ensimbi. Ipayipi le-A106 Gr.B elithengiswa eBrazil kumele lihambisane nezidingo zokumaka ze-NBR 6321, okuhlanganisa igama lomkhiqizi noma uphawu lokuhweba, ukuhlonza kwe-API Spec 5L okusebenzayo, kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi se-INMETRO. Abathumeli kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi imibhalo yomkhiqizo iphelele, izitifiketi zezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nemibiko yokuhlola evela eceleni ukuze kuncishiswe ukubambezeleka kwamasiko.
Izincomo zesu lesiteshi. Njengoba kunikezwe umthwalo wemfanelo wokulwa nokulahla izimpahla, abathumeli baseShayina bangacabangela: (1) ukusungula ubudlelwano besikhathi eside nabasabalalisi baseBrazil ukuze basebenzise inethiwekhi yendawo kanye namakhasimende ukuze kwabelwane ngezindleko; (2) ukuhlola izingxenye zesicelo ezingezona ezo-oyela negesi (imboni ejwayelekile, ukwakhiwa, ukucubungula ukudla) ezingase ziwele ngaphansi kwezigaba ezahlukene zentela; (3) ukulandelela isikhathi sokubuyekezwa kokushona kwelanga kokulwa nokulahla izimpahla (isilinganiso samanje siqala ngoJulayi 2028) sesikhathi sokungena emakethe.
VI. Isiphetho
Izincazelo ezingu-21.3×2.77mm kanye no-26.7×2.87mm ngaphansi kwe-ASTM A106 Gr.B zisebenza ngamapayipi enqubo yokushisa okuphezulu, imigqa yezinsimbi, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokudlulisa uketshezi lwezimboni emhlabeni jikelele. IBrazil igcina isidingo sesakhiwo salezi zisayizi, esiqhutshwa kakhulu yipayipi yezinsimbi, ukulandelela umusi, kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-heat exchanger emkhakheni wokucwenga, we-petrochemical, kanye nowamandla. Ngobuchwepheshe, ukulingana phakathi kwe-A106 kanye ne-NBR 6321 yaseBrazil kususa izithiyo zezindinganiso; nokho, kwezentengiselwano, umsebenzi wokulwa nokulahla imfucuza ongu-USD 743/tonne ubeka isithiyo esikhulu kumkhiqizo waseShayina. Abathumeli kumele balinganisele izindleko zokuthobela imithetho, isu lesiteshi, kanye nokubekwa komkhiqizo ukuze bafinyelele ukuhlanganyela okusimeme emakethe yaseBrazil.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-15-2026
