SA213 paipu paila kaomi kiʻekiʻehe moʻopaipu paila kaomi kiʻekiʻemoʻo. Kūpono no nā paipu kila ferritic a me austenitic seamless me ka mānoanoa o ka paia liʻiliʻi no nā paila a me nā superheaters a me nā paipu kila austenitic no nā mea hoʻololi wela.

ʻO nā paipu hoʻomehana ʻilikai i hoʻohana ʻia i nā paila haʻahaʻa a me ke kaumaha waena (ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ke kaomi hana ma mua o 5.88Mpa, ʻoi aku ka mahana hana ma lalo o 450 ℃); hoʻohana ʻia i nā paila kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ke kaomi hana ma mua o 9.8Mpa, aia ka mahana hana ma waena o 450 ℃ ～650 ℃)) nā paipu hoʻomehana ʻilikai, nā superheaters, nā reheaters, nā paipu ʻoihana petrochemical, a pēlā aku.

ASME SA213 T12ʻO ka paipu kila kila, ke alakaʻi i nā paipu kila humuhumu maʻamau ʻAmelika, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻaila, ka ʻoihana kemika, ka mana uila a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia kēia ʻano paipu kila me ke kila kiʻekiʻe. Ma hope o ka hana akahele ʻana i nā kaʻina hana he nui, he ikaika kiʻekiʻe a he kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka pala. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā koi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano paʻakikī like ʻole.

He paʻakikī a nani hoʻi kāna hana hana, me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka ʻōwili ʻana, ke kī ʻana, ke kahakiʻi anu ʻana, ka mālama wela ʻana a me nā loulou ʻē aʻe. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana ʻana, ua hele ka paipu kila i nā ʻike kīnā he nui a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻole e luku ai e hōʻoia i kona maikaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi. Aia kekahi mau loiloi kemika like ʻole, ka loiloi metallographic a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohui ʻana, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hui, ka hana a me nā ʻōkuhi ʻē aʻe e hoʻokō i nā koi maʻamau.

Nā ʻano oASME SA213 T12ʻO nā paipu kila metala penei:
1. Ikaika kiʻekiʻe: Loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiko hua, a hiki ke kū i nā ukana nui a me nā hopena.
2. Ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka palaho: He kūpaʻa ikaika kona i ka palaho ma nā ʻano paʻakikī like ʻole, e like me nā waikawa, alkalis, paʻakai a me nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻano koʻikoʻi e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana.
3. Hana maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana: Hana ʻia me ke kila kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia e maʻalahi i nā māwae, nā pores a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.
4. ʻO ka laulā o nā noi: Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka petroleum, ka ʻoihana kemika, ka mana uila a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, e like me nā pipeline aila a me ke kinoea, nā paila, nā reactors a me nā lako hana ʻē aʻe.