15Mo3 (15MoG): He paipu kila ia ma ke kūlana DIN17175. He paipu kila kalapona molybdenum liʻiliʻi ke anawaena no ka paila a me ka superheater, a he kila ikaika wela ʻano pearlescent. I ka makahiki 1995, ua hoʻoili ʻia iGB5310a kapa ʻia ʻo 15MoG. He maʻalahi kona ʻano kemika, akā aia ka molybdenum, no laila ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka wela ma mua o ke kila kalapona me ka mālama ʻana i ka hana like me ke kila kalapona. Ma muli o kāna hana maikaʻi, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, he ʻano ko ke kila i ka graphitization ma hope o ka hana lōʻihi ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela, no laila pono e kāohi ʻia kona mahana hana ma lalo o 510 ℃, a ʻo ka nui o Al i hoʻohui ʻia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e kaupalena ʻia i ka kaohi a me ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ke kaʻina hana graphitization. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia paipu kila no ka superheater wela haʻahaʻa a me ka reheater wela haʻahaʻa. Aia ka mahana o ka paia ma lalo o 510 ℃. ʻO kona ʻano kemika C0.12-0.20, SI0.10-0.35, MN0.40-0.80, S≤0.035, P≤0.035, MO0.25-0.35; ʻO ka pae ikaika maʻamau σs≥270-285, σb≥450-600 MPa; Plastic delta 22 a ʻoi aku paha.

15CrMoG:GB5310-95 kila (e like me ke kila 1CR-1/2Mo a me 11/4CR-1/2MO-Si i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka honua), ʻoi aku ka nui o kona chromium ma mua o ke kila 12CrMo, no laila he ʻoi aku ka ikaika wela ma 500-550℃. Ke ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o 550℃, emi nui ka ikaika wela o ke kila. Ke hana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma 500-550℃, ʻaʻole hana ʻia ka graphitization, akā hana ʻia ka carbide spheroidization a me ka hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka emi ʻana o ka ikaika wela o ke kila. He kūpaʻa maikaʻi ko ke kila i ka hoʻomaha ʻana ma 450℃. Maikaʻi kāna hana paipu a me ke kaʻina hana kuʻihao. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he paipu mahu kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me ka waena a me ka pahu hoʻopili me ka palena mahu ma lalo o 550 ℃, ka paipu superheater me ka mahana o ka paia ma lalo o 560 ℃, a pēlā aku. ʻO kona ʻano kemika C0.12-0.18, Si0.17-0.37, MN0.40-0.70, S≤0.030, P≤0.030, CR0.80-1.10, MO0.40-0.55; Ma lalo o ke kūlana hoʻomehana maʻamau, ʻo ka pae ikaika σs≥235, σb≥440-640 MPa; Plastic delta p 21.

T22 (P22), 12Cr2MoG: T22 (P22) aiaASME SA213 (SA335) nā mea code, i hoʻokomo ʻia i lokoGB5310-95. Ma ka moʻo kila CR-Mo, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kāna hana ikaika wela, ʻo ka mahana like ka ikaika paʻa a me ke kaumaha i ʻae ʻia ma mua o ke kila 9CR-1Mo ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka mana wela haole, ka mana nukelea a me nā ipu kaomi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona hoʻokele waiwai loea ma mua o kā mākou 12Cr1MoV, no laila ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana paila mana wela kūloko. E hoʻohana wale i ka wā e pono ai (ʻoi aku ka wā i hoʻolālā ʻia a hana ʻia e like me ke code ASME). ʻAʻole pili ke kila i ka mālama wela a he plasticity paʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka paipu liʻiliʻi T22 e like me ka mahana o ka paia metala ma lalo o 580℃ superheater a me ka reheater hoʻomehana ʻilikai paipu, a pēlā aku.P22ʻO ka paipu anawaena nui ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o ka pā hao ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o 565 ℃ superheater/reheater coupling box a me ka paipu mahu nui. ʻO kona ʻano kemika C≤0.15, Si≤0.50, MN0.30-0.60, S≤0.025, P≤0.025, CR1.90-2.60, MO0.87-1.13; Ma lalo o ke kūlana hoʻomehana maʻamau, ʻo ka pae ikaika σs≥280, σb≥450-600 MPa; ʻO ka plastic delta 20 a ʻoi aku paha.

12Cr1MoVG:GB5310ʻO ke kila maʻamau nano-95, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻomehana paila wela wela, kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa, kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa, subcritical power plant, pahu hōʻiliʻili a me ke kumu mahu nui i hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano kemika a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka papa 12Cr1MoV ua like like. He maʻalahi kona ʻano kemika, ʻo ka nui o ka metala he emi ma mua o 2%, no ke kalapona haʻahaʻa, ʻano pearlescent me ke kila ikaika wela. Hiki i ka Vanadium ke hana i ka carbide paʻa VC me ke kalapona, hiki ke hana i ka chromium a me ka molybdenum i ke kila i loko o ka ferrite, a hoʻolohi i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka chromium a me ka molybdenum mai ka ferrite a i ka carbide, i ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ke kila i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka nui o nā mea metala i loko o kēia kila he hapalua wale nō o ke kila 2.25 CR-1Mo i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma waho, akā ʻo ka ikaika paʻa ma 580℃ a me 100,000 h he 40% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea hope. Eia kekahi, he maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana a maikaʻi ka hana hoʻoheheʻe. Inā paʻa ke kaʻina hana wela, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hana piha a me ka hana ikaika wela. Hōʻike ka hana maoli o ke kahua mana e hiki nō ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pipeline mahu nui 12Cr1MoV ma hope o ka hana palekana ma 540℃ no 100,000 mau hola. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka paipu anawaena nui ma ke ʻano he pahu hōʻiliʻili a me ke kahawai mahu nui o ka palena mahu ma lalo o 565℃, a hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu anawaena liʻiliʻi no ka paipu ʻili hoʻomehana paila o ka mahana pā hao ma lalo o 580℃.

12Cr2MoWVTiB (G102):Gb5310-95 i loko o ke kila, no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Kina ponoʻī i nā makahiki 1960, haʻahaʻa ke kalapona, haʻahaʻa ka hui hao (kahi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻokoʻa) ʻano kila ikaika wela Bainite, mai nā makahiki 1970 i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kūlana Kuhina o ka ʻOihana Metallurgical YB529-70 a i kēia manawa ke kūlana aupuni, i ka hopena o 1980 ke kila ma o ke Kuhina o ka ʻOihana Metallurgical, ke Kuhina o nā Mīkini a me ke Kuhina o ka ʻike hui mana uila. Loaʻa i ke kila nā waiwai mechanical piha maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona ikaika wela a me ka mahana lawelawe ma mua o nā kila like ma waho, e hōʻea ana i ka pae o kekahi mau kila austenitic chromium-nickel ma 620 ℃. ʻO kēia no ka mea he nui nā ʻano mea hoʻohui i loko o ke kila, a ua hoʻohui pū ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa oxidation o nā mea e like me Cr, Si, no laila hiki i ka mahana lawelawe kiʻekiʻe loa ke hiki i 620 ℃. Hōʻike ka hana maoli o ke kahua mana ʻaʻole loli nui ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o ka paipu kila ma hope o ka hana lōʻihi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he paipu superheater a me ka paipu reheater no ka paila parameter ultra-kiʻekiʻe me ka mahana metala ≤620 ℃. ʻO kona ʻano kemika C0.08-0.15, Si0.45-0.75, MN0.45-0.65, S≤0.030, P≤0.030, CR1.60-2.10, MO0.50-0.65, V0.28-0.42, TI0.08-0.18, W0.30-0.55, B0.002-0.008; Ma lalo o ke kūlana hoʻomehana maʻamau, ʻo ka pae ikaika σs≥345, σb≥540-735 MPa; Plastic delta p 18.

Sa-213t91 (335P91): Helu kila i lokoASME SA-213(335) kūlana. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia e ka Rubber Ridge National Laboratory o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mana nukelea (hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe) nā ʻāpana compression wela kiʻekiʻe o ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kila ma ke kila T9 (9CR-1MO), ma ka palena o ka ʻike kalapona, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka mana o P a me S a me nā mea koena ʻē aʻe i ka manawa like, Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano kila alloy pale wela ferritic hou ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā nui trace o 0.030-0.070% N, 0.18-0.25% V a me 0.06-0.10% Nb e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa. ʻO iaASME SA-213kila maʻamau kolamu, kahi i hoʻoili ʻia i lokoGB5310maʻamau i ka makahiki 1995 a ʻo ka māka he 10Cr9Mo1VNb. Ua helu ʻia ke kūlana honua ISO/DIS9399-2 ʻo X10 CRMOVNB9-1.

Ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium (9%), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona kūpaʻa oxidation, kūpaʻa corrosion, ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke ʻano non-graphitization ma mua o ke kila alloy haʻahaʻa. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻo Molybdenum (1%) i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a kāohi i ke ʻano embrittling wela o ke kila chromium. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me T9, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai kuʻihao a me ka luhi thermal, ʻekolu manawa ka ikaika paʻa ma 600 ℃ o ka mea hope, a mālama ʻia ke kūpaʻa corrosion wela kiʻekiʻe o ke kila T9 (9CR-1Mo). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila austenitic, he liʻiliʻi ka coefficient hoʻonui, maikaʻi ka conductivity thermal, a he ikaika paʻa kiʻekiʻe (e like me ka ratio kila austenitic TP304, a hiki i ka mahana ikaika he 625 ℃, ʻo ka mahana stress like he 607 ℃). No laila, he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical piha, ka hoʻonohonoho paʻa a me nā waiwai ma mua a ma hope o ka ʻelemakule, nā waiwai kuʻihao a me ke kaʻina hana maikaʻi, ka ikaika paʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no ka superheater a me ka reheater me ka mahana metala ≤650 ℃ i loko o ka paila. ʻO kona ʻano kemika C0.08-0.12, Si0.20-0.50, MN0.30-0.60, S≤0.010, P≤0.020, CR8.00-9.50, MO0.85-1.05, V0.18-0.25, Al≤0.04, NB0.06-0.10, N0.03-0.07; Ma lalo o ke kūlana hoʻomehana maʻamau, ʻo ka pae ikaika σs≥415, σb≥585 MPa; ʻO ka delta plastik he 20 a ʻoi aku paha.