ʻO ka paipu kila humuhumu ʻole he mea hana kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana a me ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona nui ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical, ke kūpaʻa i ka pala a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe o nā paipu kila ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea like ʻole o ka hui like ʻole, e like me ka chromium, molybdenum, nickel, a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi mau mea paipu kila humuhumu ʻole o ka hui like ʻole:

ASTM A335Moʻo P:

P5ʻO ka paipu kila P5 he 5% chromium a me 0.5% molybdenum, he kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka oxidation a me ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā paipu mahu wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻoihana petrochemical.
P9ʻO ka paipu kila P9 he 9% chromium a me 1% molybdenum, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka oxidation a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion ma mua o P5, a kūpono hoʻi no ke kaiapuni wela a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe.
P11ʻO ka paipu kila P11 he 1.25% chromium a me 0.5% molybdenum, he hana piha maikaʻi loa, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā paila wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻololi wela.
P22ʻO ka paipu kila P22 he 2.25% chromium a me 1% molybdenum, he ikaika kiʻekiʻe kona a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka oxidation, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā paipu wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe i nā mea kanu mana a me ka ʻoihana petrochemical.
P91ʻO ka paipu kila P91 he kila chromium kiʻekiʻe a me ka molybdenum kiʻekiʻe, nona ka 9% chromium a me ka 1% molybdenum, a loaʻa iā ia ka nui o ka vanadium a me ka nitrogen. Loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka ikaika kolo a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea kanu mana supercritical a me ultra-supercritical.
ASTM A213Moʻo T:

T11Aia i loko o ka paipu kila T11 he 1.25% chromium a me 0.5% molybdenum, e like me P11, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea hoʻololi wela wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā paila.
T22Aia ka paipu kila T22 i ka 2.25% chromium a me 1% molybdenum, kūpono no nā wahi mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea kanu mana a me nā ʻoihana petrochemical.
T91ʻO ka paipu kila T91 ua like ia me P91, aia i loko he 9% chromium a me 1% molybdenum, a aia i loko he vanadium a me ka naikokene. Loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa kolo a kūpono no nā mea kanu mana supercritical a me ultra-supercritical.
EN 10216-2:
10CrMo9-10: He paipu kila alloy maʻamau ʻEulopa kēia e loaʻa ana ka chromium a me ka molybdenum, me ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā mea kanu mana a me nā ʻoihana petrochemical.
Hoʻomaikaʻi nui nā paipu kila humuhumu me ka ʻaila hao i ka hana piha o nā paipu kila ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea humuhumu kikoʻī i ke kila, a kūpono no nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi like ʻole. ʻO nā paipu kila chromium kiʻekiʻe a me ka molybdenum kiʻekiʻe o ka moʻo P a me ka moʻo T, e like me P91 a me T91, e hōʻike ana i ke kuhikuhi hoʻomohala o nā mea mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea kanu mana supercritical a me ultra-supercritical. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka mea paipu kila humuhumu me ka ʻaila hao kūpono ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i ka palekana a me ka hana paʻa o ka papahana, akā hoʻomaikaʻi nui hoʻi i ke ola lawelawe a me ka pono o nā lako.