20G: ʻO ia ka helu kila i helu ʻia o GB5310-95 (nā hōʻailona haole e pili ana: st45.8 ma Kelemania, STB42 ma Iapana, a me SA106B ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa). ʻO ia ke kila i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā paipu kila paila. ʻO ke ʻano kemika a me nā waiwai mechanical e like me nā mea o 20 mau papa kila. Loaʻa i ke kila kekahi ikaika ma ka mahana maʻamau a me ka mahana waena a me ke kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa ka nui o ke kalapona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī, a maikaʻi ke ʻano anuanu a me ka wela a me nā waiwai hoʻoheheʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili paipu paila kiʻekiʻe a me nā palena kiʻekiʻe, nā superheaters, nā reheaters, nā economizers a me nā paia wai ma ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa wela; e like me nā paipu liʻiliʻi no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā paipu ʻili me ka mahana o ka paia o ≤500 ℃, a me nā paipu paia wai, nā paipu economizer, a pēlā aku, nā paipu nui no nā paipu mahu a me nā poʻomanaʻo (economizer, paia wai, superheater wela haʻahaʻa a me ke poʻomanaʻo reheater) me ka mahana o ka paia ≤450 ℃, a me nā pipelines me ka mahana waena ≤450 ℃ Nā mea komo a pēlā aku. No ka mea e hoʻopili ʻia ke kila kalapona inā hana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma luna o 450 °C, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palena o ka mahana hoʻohana lōʻihi o ka paipu ʻili hoʻomehana ma lalo o 450 °C. I loko o kēia pae mahana, hiki i ka ikaika o ke kila ke hoʻokō i nā koi o nā superheaters a me nā paipu mahu, a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi kona i ka oxidation, ka paʻakikī plastic, ka hana welding a me nā waiwai hana wela a me ke anu ʻē aʻe, a hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻO ke kila i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka umu Iranian (e pili ana i hoʻokahi ʻāpana) ʻo ia ka paipu hoʻokomo wai ʻino (ʻo ka nui he 28 tons), ka paipu hoʻokomo wai mahu (20 tons), ka paipu hoʻohui mahu (26 tons), a me ke poʻo economizer (8 tons). ), ʻōnaehana wai desuperheating (5 tons), hoʻohana ʻia ke koena e like me ke kila pālahalaha a me nā mea boom (ma kahi o 86 tons).

SA-210C (25MnG): ʻO ia ke ʻano kila ma ke kūlana ASME SA-210. He paipu kila kalapona-manganese liʻiliʻi ke anawaena no nā paila a me nā superheaters, a he kila ikaika wela pearlite. Ua hoʻoili ʻo Kina iā ia i GB5310 i ka makahiki 1995 a kapa ʻia ʻo 25MnG. He maʻalahi kona ʻano kemika koe wale nō ka nui o ke kalapona a me ka manganese, ua like ke koena me 20G, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona ikaika hua ma kahi o 20% ma mua o 20G, a ua like kona plasticity a me kona paʻakikī me 20G. He hana hana maʻalahi ke kila a maikaʻi ka hana anu a me ka wela. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia ma kahi o 20G hiki ke hōʻemi i ka mānoanoa o ka paia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea, I kēia manawa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoili wela o ka paila. ʻO kona ʻāpana hoʻohana a me ka mahana hoʻohana ua like ia me 20G, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka paia wai, economizer, superheater mahana haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe nona ka mahana hana ma lalo o 500 ℃.

SA-106C: ʻO ia ke ʻano kila ma ke kūlana ASME SA-106. He paipu kila kalapona-manganese ia no nā paila caliber nui a me nā superheaters no ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. He maʻalahi kona ʻano kemika a like me ke kila kalapona 20G, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona kalapona a me ka manganese, no laila ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kona hua ma kahi o 12% ma mua o 20G, a ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻole kona plasticity a me ka paʻakikī. He hana hana maʻalahi ke kila a maikaʻi ka hana anu a me ka wela. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia e pani i nā poʻomanaʻo 20G (economizer, paia wai, superheater wela haʻahaʻa a me ke poʻomanaʻo reheater) hiki ke hōʻemi i ka mānoanoa o ka paia ma kahi o 10%, hiki ke mālama i nā kumukūʻai mea, hōʻemi i ka ukana hana wili, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻokoʻa o ke kaumaha o nā poʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana.

15Mo3 (15MoG): He paipu kila ia ma ke kūlana DIN17175. He paipu kila kalapona-molybdenum liʻiliʻi ke anawaena no ka mea hoʻomehana paila, I kēia manawa, he kila ikaika wela pearlitic ia. Ua hoʻoili ʻo Kina iā ia i GB5310 i ka makahiki 1995 a kapa ʻia ʻo 15MoG. He maʻalahi kona ʻano kemika, akā aia ka molybdenum, no laila ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka hana like me ke kila kalapona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona ikaika wela ma mua o ke kila kalapona. Ma muli o kāna hana maikaʻi a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia e nā ʻāina a puni ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, he ʻano graphitization ko ke kila i ka hana lōʻihi ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, no laila e kāohi ʻia kona mahana hoʻohana ma lalo o 510 ℃, a ʻo ka nui o Al i hoʻohui ʻia i ka wā hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e kaupalena ʻia i ka kaohi a me ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ke kaʻina hana graphitization. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia paipu kila no nā mea hoʻomehana wela haʻahaʻa a me nā mea hoʻomehana wela haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka mahana o ka paia ma lalo o 510 ℃. ʻO kona ʻano kemika he C0.12-0.20, Si0.10-0.35, Mn0.40-0.80, S≤0.035, P≤0.035, Mo0.25-0.35; pae ikaika ahi maʻamau σs≥270-285, σb≥450-600 MPa; Plasticity δ≥22.

SA-209T1a (20MoG): ʻO ia ke ʻano kila ma ke kūlana ASME SA-209. He paipu kila kalapona-molybdenum liʻiliʻi ke anawaena no nā paila a me nā superheaters, a he kila ikaika wela pearlite. Ua hoʻoili ʻo Kina iā ia i GB5310 i ka makahiki 1995 a kapa iā ia he 20MoG. He maʻalahi kona ʻano kemika, akā aia ka molybdenum, no laila ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka hana like me ke kila kalapona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona ikaika wela ma mua o ke kila kalapona. Eia nō naʻe, he ʻano ko ke kila e graphitize i ka hana lōʻihi ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, no laila e hoʻomalu ʻia kona mahana hoʻohana ma lalo o 510 ℃ a pale i ka wela nui. I ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, pono e kaupalena ʻia ka nui o Al i hoʻohui ʻia e kaohi a hoʻopaneʻe i ke kaʻina hana graphitization. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia paipu kila no nā ʻāpana e like me nā paia i hoʻomaʻalili ʻia i ka wai, nā superheaters a me nā reheaters, a ʻo ka mahana o ka paia ma lalo o 510 ℃. ʻO kona ʻano kemika he C0.15-0.25, Si0.10-0.50, Mn0.30-0.80, S≤0.025, P≤0.025, Mo0.44-0.65; pae ikaika maʻamau σs≥220, σb≥415 MPa; plasticity δ≥30.

15CrMoG: ʻo ia ke kila kila GB5310-95 (e like me nā kila 1Cr-1/2Mo a me 11/4Cr-1/2Mo-Si i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole a puni ka honua). ʻOi aku ka nui o kona chromium ma mua o ke kila 12CrMo, no laila he ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe kona. Ke ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o 550℃, e emi nui ana kona ikaika wela. Ke hana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma 500-550℃, ʻaʻole e hana ʻia ka graphitization, akā e hana ʻia ka carbide spheroidization a me ka hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui, ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka wela o ke kila. Hoʻemi ʻia ka ikaika, a he pale hoʻomaha maikaʻi ke kila ma 450°C. Maikaʻi kāna hana paipu a me ke kaʻina hana kuʻihao. Hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā paipu mahu kiʻekiʻe a me ka waena a me nā poʻomanaʻo me nā palena mahu ma lalo o 550 ℃, nā paipu superheater me ka mahana o ka paia o ka paipu ma lalo o 560 ℃, a pēlā aku. ʻO kona ʻano kemika he C0.12-0.18, Si0.17-0.37, Mn0.40-0.70, S≤0.030, P≤0.030, Cr0.80-1.10, Mo0.40-0.55; pae ikaika σs≥ i ke kūlana hoʻomehana maʻamau 235, σb≥440-640 MPa; Plasticity δ≥21.

ʻO T22 (P22), 12Cr2MoG: ʻO T22 (P22) nā mea maʻamau ASME SA213 (SA335), i helu ʻia ma Kina GB5310-95. Ma ka moʻo kila Cr-Mo, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona ikaika wela, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona ikaika hoʻomanawanui a me ke kaumaha i ʻae ʻia ma ka mahana like ma mua o ke kila 9Cr-1Mo. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka mana wela haole, ka mana nukelea a me nā ipu kaomi. He ākea nā noi. Akā, ʻaʻole maikaʻi kona hoʻokele waiwai loea e like me ka 12Cr1MoV o koʻu ʻāina, no laila ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka paila mana wela kūloko. Hoʻohana wale ʻia ia ke noi ka mea hoʻohana (ʻoi aku ka wā i hoʻolālā ʻia a hana ʻia e like me nā kikoʻī ASME). ʻAʻole pilikia ke kila i ka mālama wela, he plasticity paʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana wili maikaʻi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paipu liʻiliʻi T22 e like me nā paipu ʻili hoʻomehana no nā superheaters a me nā reheaters nona ka mahana pā metala ma lalo o 580 ℃, ʻoiai ʻo nā paipu nui P22 e hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā hui superheater/reheater nona ka mahana pā metala ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 565 ℃. Pahu a me ka paipu mahu nui. ʻO kona ʻano kemika he C≤0.15, Si≤0.50, Mn0.30-0.60, S≤0.025, P≤0.025, Cr1.90-2.60, Mo0.87-1.13; pae ikaika σs≥280, σb≥ ma lalo o ka hoʻomehana maikaʻi 450-600 MPa; Plasticity δ≥20.

12Cr1MoVG: He kila i helu ʻia ʻo GB5310-95, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea hoʻomehana paila kikowaena mana kiʻekiʻe, ultra-kiʻekiʻe, a me nā subcritical, nā poʻomanaʻo a me nā paipu mahu nui. ʻO ke ʻano kemika a me nā waiwai mechanical e like me nā mea o ka pepa 12Cr1MoV. He maʻalahi kona ʻano kemika, ʻo ka nui o ka alloy ma lalo o 2%, a he kila haʻahaʻa-kalapona, haʻahaʻa-alloy pearlite wela. I waena o lākou, hiki i ka vanadium ke hana i kahi carbide VC paʻa me ke kalapona, hiki ke hana i ka chromium a me ka molybdenum i loko o ke kila i loko o ka ferrite, a hoʻolohi i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoili ʻana o chromium a me ka molybdenum mai ferrite a i carbide, e hana ana i ke kila i ʻoi aku ka paʻa i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka nui o nā mea hoʻohuihui i loko o kēia kila he hapalua wale nō o ke kila 2.25Cr-1Mo i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma waho, akā ʻo kona ikaika hoʻomanawanui ma 580 ℃ a me 100,000 h he 40% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea hope; a he maʻalahi kāna hana hana, a maikaʻi kāna hana kuʻihao. Inā paʻa ke kaʻina hana wela, hiki ke loaʻa ka hana holoʻokoʻa a me ka ikaika wela. Hōʻike ka hana maoli o ke kahua mana e hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pipeline mahu nui 12Cr1MoV ma hope o 100,000 mau hola o ka hana palekana ma 540°C. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paipu anawaena nui ma ke ʻano he poʻomanaʻo a me nā paipu mahu nui me nā palena mahu ma lalo o 565℃, a hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu anawaena liʻiliʻi no nā paipu ʻili hoʻomehana paila me nā mahana paia metala ma lalo o 580℃.

12Cr2MoWVTiB (G102): He papa kila ia ma GB5310-95. He kila bainite ikaika wela haʻahaʻa-kalapona, haʻahaʻa-alloy (nui liʻiliʻi o nā mea he nui) i hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia e koʻu ʻāina i nā makahiki 1960. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke Kūlana Kuhina o Metallurgy YB529 mai ka makahiki 1970 -70 a me ke kūlana aupuni o kēia manawa. I ka hopena o 1980, ua hala ke kila i ka loiloi hui o ke Kuhina o Metallurgy, ke Kuhina o Mīkini a me ka Mana Uila. He maikaʻi nā waiwai mechanical piha o ke kila, a ʻoi aku kona ikaika wela a me ka mahana lawelawe ma mua o nā kila haole like, e hōʻea ana i ka pae o kekahi mau kila austenitic chromium-nickel ma 620℃. ʻO kēia no ka mea he nui nā ʻano mea hoʻohuihui i loko o ke kila, a ua hoʻohui pū ʻia nā mea e like me Cr, Si, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa oxidation, no laila hiki i ka mahana lawelawe kiʻekiʻe loa ke hiki i 620°C. Ua hōʻike ka hana maoli o ke kahua mana ʻaʻole i loli nui ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hana o ka paipu kila ma hope o ka hana lōʻihi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me ka paipu superheater a me ka paipu reheater o ka paila parameter kiʻekiʻe loa me ka mahana metala ≤620 ℃. ʻO kona ʻano kemika he C0.08-0.15, Si0.45-0.75, Mn0.45-0.65, S≤0.030, P≤0.030, Cr1.60-2.10, Mo0.50-0.65, V0.28-0.42, Ti0.08 -0.18, W0.30-0.55, B0.002-0.008; pae ikaika σs≥345, σb≥540-735 MPa ma ke kūlana tempering maikaʻi; plasticity δ≥18.

SA-213T91 (335P91): ʻO ia ke ʻano kila ma ke kūlana ASME SA-213 (335). He mea ia no nā ʻāpana kaomi wela kiʻekiʻe o ka mana nukelea (hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe) i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka Rubber Ridge National Laboratory o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kila ma ke kila T9 (9Cr-1Mo), a ua kaupalena ʻia i nā palena kiʻekiʻe a me lalo o ka ʻike kalapona. , ʻOiai ke kāohi pono nei i ka ʻike o nā mea i koe e like me P a me S, kahi kaha o 0.030-0.070% o N, kahi kaha o nā mea hana carbide ikaika o 0.18-0.25% o V a me 0.06-0.10% o Nb i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻokō i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano hou o ke kila alloy pale wela ferritic i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā koi palaoa; ʻO ia ka papa kila i helu ʻia ʻo ASME SA-213, a ua hoʻoili ʻo Kina i ke kila i ke kūlana GB5310 i ka makahiki 1995, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke ʻano he 10Cr9Mo1VNb; a ua helu ʻia ke kūlana honua ISO/DIS9329-2 ʻo X10 CrMoVNb9-1. Ma muli o kona ʻike chromium kiʻekiʻe (9%), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona kūpaʻa oxidation, kūpaʻa corrosion, ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano non-graphitization ma mua o nā kila alloy haʻahaʻa. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui ka element molybdenum (1%) i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a kāohi i ke kila chromium. ʻO ke ʻano o ka brittleness wela; Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me T9, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ia i ka hana welding a me ka hana luhi thermal, ʻo kona kūpaʻa ma 600°C he ʻekolu manawa o ka mea hope, a mālama i ke kūpaʻa corrosion wela kiʻekiʻe o ke kila T9 (9Cr-1Mo); Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila austenitic, he liʻiliʻi kona coefficient hoʻonui, conductivity thermal maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke ahonui (no ka laʻana, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila austenitic TP304, e kali a hiki i ka mahana ikaika he 625°C, a ʻo ka mahana kaumaha like he 607°C). No laila, he mau waiwai mechanical piha maikaʻi, hoʻonohonoho paʻa a me ka hana ma mua a ma hope o ka ʻelemakule ʻana, hana maikaʻi o ka welding a me ka hana hana, kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ka oxidation. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā superheaters a me nā reheaters me ka mahana metala ≤650℃ i loko o nā paila. ʻO kona ʻano kemika he C0.08-0.12, Si0.20-0.50, Mn0.30-0.60, S≤0.010, P≤0.020, Cr8.00-9.50, Mo0.85-1.05, V0.18-0.25, Al≤0.04, Nb0.06-0.10, N0.03-0.07; pae ikaika σs≥415, σb≥585 MPa ma ke kūlana hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi; plasticity δ≥20.