1. Paipu kila wili ʻole i ʻōwili wela ʻia
ʻO ka ʻōwili wela e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka billet kila i kahi mahana kūpono a me ka hana ʻana i kahi paipu kila humuhumu ma o ka hoʻolei mau ʻana a me ka ʻōwili ʻana. Loaʻa i ka paipu kila humuhumu wela nā ʻano o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka plasticity maikaʻi a me ka hana wili ma muli o ka deformation plastic kūpono o nā hua i loko o ka paipu kila ma hope o nā kaʻina hana ʻōwili he nui. Ma ke ʻano o ke kūlana lawe ʻana, ua māhele ʻia nā paipu kila humuhumu wela i ʻekolu mau kūlana: ʻili ʻeleʻele, ʻili laumania a me ka ʻili wili. ʻO ka ʻili ʻeleʻele ke kūlana me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili, ʻo ka ʻili laumania ke kūlana ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili, a ʻo ka ʻili wili ke kūlana. Kūlana poli wela kiʻekiʻe.
2. Paipu kila humuhumu i mālama ʻia me ka wela
ʻO ka mālama wela ʻana o ka paipu kila humuhumu e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana o ka paipu kila humuhumu i loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau waiwai mechanical a me ke kino. ʻO ke kūlana hāʻawi o nā paipu kila humuhumu i mālama ʻia i ka wela e hoʻomehana pinepine ʻia a i ʻole hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia. ʻO ke kūlana annealing e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka paipu kila i kahi mahana, e paʻa ana no kekahi manawa, a laila e hoʻomaʻalili mālie i ka mahana o ka lumi; ʻO ke kūlana normalizing e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka paipu kila i kahi mahana, e paʻa ana no kekahi manawa, a laila e hoʻomaʻalili wai a i ʻole e hoʻomaʻalili aila iā ia e loaʻa ai ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe.
3. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā paipu kila wili ʻole i ʻōwili wela ʻia a me ka mea i mālama ʻia me ka wela
ʻElua mau kaʻina hana like ʻole ka ʻōwili wela a me ka mālama wela i ka hana ʻana o nā paipu kila humuhumu, a he ʻokoʻa kekahi kūlana o ka lawe ʻana. Loaʻa i ka paipu kila humuhumu wela ka plasticity maikaʻi, ka hana wili a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, a kūpono no kekahi mau pale ʻana i ke kaomi, ke kūpaʻa wela, ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā paipu kila humuhumu i mālama ʻia me ka wela, ka ikaika a me nā waiwai mechanical ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka annealing a i ʻole ka normalizing treatment, a kūpono no nā kahua ʻenekinia e pono ai ke kū i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā ukana kaumaha.
I ka pōkole, i ke koho ʻana i nā paipu kila humuhumu, pono ke koho ʻana ma muli o nā pono hoʻohana maoli a me ke kūlana hoʻouna o nā paipu kila humuhumu. I ka manawa like, e hoʻolohe i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana i hana ʻia e nā mea hana maʻamau e hōʻoia i ko lākou maikaʻi a me ka hana e kūlike me nā koi.

Kūlana:ASTM SA106	Alloy a i ʻole ʻaʻole: ʻAʻole
Pūʻulu Papa: GR.A, GR.B, GR.C etc	Noi: Paipu Wai
Mānoanoa: 1 - 100 Mm	Ka Hana ʻIli: E like me ke Koi o ka Mea Kūʻai
Anawaena Waho (Poepoe): 10 - 1000 Mm	ʻAno hana: Wela ʻōwili ʻia
Lōʻihi: Lōʻihi Paʻa a i ʻole Lōʻihi Kaulike	Lapaʻau Wela: Hoʻoheheʻe/Normalizing
ʻĀpana ʻAno: Poepoe	Paipu Kūikawā: Mahana Kiʻekiʻe
Kahi o ke kumu: Kina	Hoʻohana: Kūkulu ʻana, Ka halihali wai
Palapala hōʻoia: ISO9001:2008	Hoʻāʻo: ECT/CNV/NDT

 

Kūlana:ASTM SA 213	Alloy A I ʻole: Alloy
Pūʻulu Papa: T5,T9,T11,T22 etc	Noi: Paipu paila/ Paipu hoʻololi wela
Mānoanoa: 0.4-12.7 Mm	Ka Hana ʻIli: E like me ke Koi o ka Mea Kūʻai
Anawaena Waho (Poepoe): 3.2-127 Mm	ʻAno hana: Wela ʻōwili ʻia
Lōʻihi: Lōʻihi Paʻa a i ʻole Lōʻihi Kaulike	Lapaʻau Wela: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa/Hoʻomehana/Hoʻoheheʻe
ʻĀpana ʻAno: Poepoe	Paipu Kūikawā: Paipu Paia Mānoanoa
Kahi o ke kumu: Kina	Hoʻohana: Super Heat, Boiler A me ka Heat Exchanger
Palapala hōʻoia: ISO9001:2008	Hoʻāʻo: ECT/UT

 

Kūlana:API 5L	Alloy a i ʻole ʻaʻole: ʻAʻole Alloy, Carbon
Pūʻulu Papa: Gr.B X42 X52 X60 X65 X70 Etc	Noi: Paipu Laina
Mānoanoa: 1 - 100 Mm	Ka Hana ʻIli: E like me ke Koi o ka Mea Kūʻai
Anawaena Waho (Poepoe): 10 - 1000 Mm	ʻAno hana: Wela ʻōwili ʻia
Lōʻihi: Lōʻihi Paʻa a i ʻole Lōʻihi Kaulike	Ka Lapaʻau Wela: Ke Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana
ʻĀpana ʻAno: Poepoe	Paipu Kūikawā: PSL2 a i ʻole Paipu Papa Kiʻekiʻe
Kahi o ke kumu: Kina	Hoʻohana: Kūkulu ʻana, Paipu Wai
Palapala hōʻoia: ISO9001:2008	Hoʻāʻo: NDT/CNV

 

 

Kūlana:ASTM A335	Alloy A I ʻole: Alloy
Pūʻulu Papa: P5, P9, P11, P22, P91, P92 etc.	Noi: Paipu paila
Mānoanoa: 1 - 100 Mm	Ka Hana ʻIli: E like me ke Koi o ka Mea Kūʻai
Anawaena Waho (Poepoe): 10 - 1000 Mm	ʻAno Hana: ʻŌwili Wela/Hōʻailona Anu
Lōʻihi: Lōʻihi Paʻa a i ʻole Lōʻihi Kaulike	Lapaʻau Wela: Hoʻoheheʻe/Normalizing/Tempering
ʻĀpana ʻAno: Poepoe	Paipu Kūikawā: Paipu Paia Mānoanoa
Kahi o ke kumu: Kina	Hoʻohana: Paipu mahu kiʻekiʻe, paila a me ka mea hoʻololi wela
Palapala hōʻoia: ISO9001:2008	Hoʻāʻo: ET/UT