He maitai porowhita, tapawhā, tapawhā te ngongo maitai kore hononga, he wāhanga tuwhera, kāore he hononga huri noa. He mea hanga ngā ngongo maitai kore hononga ki ngā porowhita, ki ngā pire totoka rānei kua pokaia ki roto i ngā ngongo kapiti, kātahi ka hurihia ki te wera, ka hurihia ki te matao, ka tōia ki te matao rānei.

He paipa maitai kore-tuitui me te wāhanga tuwhera, he maha ngā paipa e whakamahia ana mō te kawe wai, i roto i te kaha piko me te kaha takahuri i te wā kotahi, te whakatairite i te paipa maitai ki te maitai porowhita me ētahi atu maitai totoka. He mama te taumaha o te paipa maitai, he momo wāhanga ōhanga o te maitai, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā wāhanga hanganga me ngā wāhanga miihini, pērā i te keri hinu maitai tūāpapa.

E tata ana ki te 100 tau te roa o te hanga ngongo maitai kore-whakairoiro. I hangaia tuatahitia e ngā tuakana Tiamana Manismann te mīhini hurihuri-whakairoiro e rua-rōra i te tau 1885, kātahi ka hangaia te mīhini hurihuri paipa ā-wā i te tau 1891, ā, i hangaia e te RCStiefel Huiterangi te mīhini hurihuri paipa aunoa (e mōhiotia ana ko te mīhini hurihuri paipa o runga) i te tau 1903, ā, he maha ngā mīhini toronga, pērā i te mīhini hurihuri paipa tonu me te mīhini pana paipa, i tīmata ki te hanga i te umanga ngongo maitai kore-whakairoiro hou. I ngā tau 1930, i whakamahia te mira paipa e toru-rōra.

Ka whakapai ake te mīhini tāwāhi me te mira hurihuri matao ā-wā i te momo me te kounga o ngā ngongo maitai. I ngā tau 1960, nā te whakapainga o te mira hurihuri tonu, ko te putanga mai o te mīhini werowero-toru, inā koa te angitu o te whakamahinga o te mīhini whakaiti taumahatanga me te mīhini whakarewa tonu, kua whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa me te whakarei ake i te whakataetae o te paipa tuimotu me te paipa whakarewa.

I ngā tau 1970, kei te tere haere ngā paipa tuitui me ngā paipa whakarewa, ā, kei te piki haere te putanga paipa maitai o te ao neke atu i te 5% ia tau. Mai i te tau 1953, kua aro nui a Haina ki te whanaketanga o te umanga ngongo maitai tuitui, ā, i te tuatahi kua whakatūria he pūnaha whakaputa mō te hurihuri i ngā paipa nunui, reo me te iti. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia hoki e te paipa parahi te tukanga hurihuri whiti me te poka, te hurihuri mira paipa me te kukume koiri.

Tonome te whakarōpūtanga o ngā ngongo maitai tui

Taupānga: Ko te ngongo maitai tui he momo maitai wāhanga ōhanga, he tūranga tino nui i roto i te ōhanga ā-motu, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hinu, te ahumahi matū, te kohua, te teihana hiko, te kaipuke, te hanga mīhini, te motuka, te rererangi, te aerospace, te pūngao, te matawhenua, te hanga me ngā rāngai hōia.

Whakarōpūtanga:

(1) E ai ki te āhua o te wāhanga, ka wehea kia: ngongo wāhanga porowhita, ngongo wāhanga āhua motuhake

(2) e ai ki te rauemi: paipa maitai waro, paipa maitai koranu, paipa maitai kore waikura, paipa hiato

(3) E ai ki te aratau hononga: paipa hononga miro, paipa whakarewa

(4) E ai ki te momo whakaputa: paipa hurihuri wera (whakaputa, tihi, whakawhānui), paipa hurihuri matao (tōia)

(5) E ai ki te whakamahinga: paipa kōhua, paipa puna hinu, paipa paipa, paipa hanganga, paipa tongi.

Te tukanga whakaputa ngongo maitai kore-tuitui

Te tukanga whakaputa matua o te ngongo maitai kore-whakarewa wera (tukanga tirotiro matua):

Te whakarite me te tirotiro i te paipa whakarewa → te whakamahana i te paipa whakarewa → te poka → te hurihuri i te paipa → te whakamahana anō i te paipa kau → te whakatika (te whakaiti) i te whānui → te whakamahana wera → te whakatikatika i te paipa kua oti → te whakaoti → te tirotiro (kore-whakangaro, ā-tinana me te matū, te tirotiro teihana) → te whare putunga

(2) Te tukanga whakaputa paipa maitai kore-tuitui hurihuri matao (tuhi)

Te whakarite i te pireti → te whakapūkara me te whakahinuhinu → te hurihuri matao (te tuhi) → te maimoatanga wera → te whakatikatika → te whakaoti → te tirotiro

Ko te tūtohi rere o te tukanga whakaputa o te ngongo maitai kore-whakarewa wera e whai ake nei: