Kapangidwe ka mankhwala

Gr.3: Kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≤0.19%, kuchuluka kwa silikoni 0.18%-0.37%, kuchuluka kwa manganese 0.31%-0.64%, kuchuluka kwa phosphorous ndi sulfure ≤0.025%, komanso muli 3.18%-3.82% nickel.

Gr.6: Kuchuluka kwa kaboni ≤0.30%, kuchuluka kwa silicon ≥0.10%, kuchuluka kwa manganese 0.29%-1.06%, kuchuluka kwa phosphorous ndi sulfure Zonse ≤0.025%.

Katundu wa makina

Gr.3: mphamvu yokoka ≥450MPa, mphamvu yotulutsa ≥240MPa, kutalika ≥30% mozungulira, ≥20% mopingasa, kutentha kochepa kwa mayeso ndi -150°F (-100°C).

Gr.6: mphamvu yokoka ≥415MPa, mphamvu yotulutsa ≥240MPa, kutalika ≥30% mozungulira, ≥16.5% mopingasa, kutentha kochepa kwa mayeso ndi -50°F (-45°C).

Njira yopangira

Kusungunula: Gwiritsani ntchito ng'anjo yamagetsi kapena chosinthira ndi zida zina kuti muchotse okosijeni, kuchotsa slag ndi kusakaniza chitsulo chosungunuka kuti mupeze chitsulo chosungunuka bwino.

Kuzungulira: Ikani chitsulo chosungunuka mu mphero yozungulira ya chubu kuti muzungulire, pang'onopang'ono chepetsani m'mimba mwake wa chubu ndikupeza makulidwe oyenera a khoma, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, sungani pamwamba pa chubu chachitsulo.

Kukonza zinthu mozizira: Kudzera mu kukonza zinthu mozizira monga kujambula zinthu mozizira kapena kupukutira zinthu mozizira, kulondola ndi khalidwe la pamwamba pa chubu chachitsulo zitha kupititsidwa patsogolo.

Chithandizo cha kutentha: Kawirikawiri, chimaperekedwa mu mkhalidwe wowongolera kapena wowongolera komanso wowongolera kuti athetse kupsinjika kotsala mkati mwa chubu chachitsulo ndikukweza magwiridwe ake onse.

Munda wofunsira

Mafuta: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi a zombo zotenthetsera kutentha kochepa komanso mapaipi osinthira kutentha kochepa m'magawo a mafuta, makampani opanga mankhwala, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingakwaniritse zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito m'malo otentha pang'ono, monga gasi wachilengedwe wosungunuka. Matanki osungira gasi wachilengedwe, mapaipi otumizira kutentha kochepa, ndi zina zotero.

Gasi wachilengedwe: Woyenera mapaipi otumizira gasi wachilengedwe ndi matanki osungiramo gasi ndi zida zina kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino m'malo otentha kwambiri.

Magawo ena: Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamagetsi, ndege, ndi zomangamanga za zombo, monga zipangizo zazikulu zomangira ma condenser, ma boiler ndi zida zina mu zida zamagetsi, komanso zipangizo zazikulu zomangira makina a hydraulic, makina amafuta ndi zida zina mu gawo la ndege.

Mafotokozedwe ndi miyeso

Mafotokozedwe ndi miyeso yodziwika bwino ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga mainchesi akunja 21.3-711mm, makulidwe a khoma 2-120mm, ndi zina zotero.
Chitoliro chachitsulo chopanda msoko cha Gr.6, makamaka ASTM A333/A333M GR.6 kapena SA-333/SA333M GR.6Chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika chotentha pang'ono, ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri nthawi zosiyanasiyana chomwe chimafuna kulimba pang'ono komanso mphamvu zambiri. Izi ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane za chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika cha Gr.6:

1. Miyezo ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito

Miyezo Yogwiritsira Ntchito: Chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika cha Gr.6 chimagwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya ASTM A333/A333M kapena ASME SA-333/SA333M, yomwe imaperekedwa ndi American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ndi American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofotokoza zofunikira zaukadaulo za mapaipi achitsulo chosasunthika ndi mapaipi achitsulo olumikizidwa kuti kutentha kukhale kochepa.

Zipangizo: Chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika cha Gr.6 ndi chitoliro chachitsulo chotentha pang'ono chopanda nikeli, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cholimba chotsika kutentha chopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chitsulo chophedwa ndi aluminiyamu. Kapangidwe kake ka metallographic ndi cubic ferrite yozungulira thupi.

2. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chitoliro chachitsulo chopanda msoko cha Gr.6 makamaka chimaphatikizapo:

Kaboni (C): Katundu wake ndi wochepa, nthawi zambiri sangapitirire 0.30%, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kusweka kwa chitsulo.

Manganese (Mn): Kuchuluka kwake kuli pakati pa 0.29% ndi 1.06%, zomwe zingathandize kulimbitsa ndi kulimba kwa chitsulo.

Silicon (Si): Kuchuluka kwake kuli pakati pa 0.10% ndi 0.37%, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chitsulo chichotse poizoni ndipo zimatha kuwonjezera mphamvu ya chitsulo mpaka pamlingo winawake.

Phosphorus (P) ndi sulfure (S): Monga zinthu zodetsedwa, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kochepa, nthawi zambiri sikupitirira 0.025%, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa phosphorous ndi sulfure kumachepetsa kulimba ndi kusinthasintha kwa chitsulo.

Zinthu zina zosakaniza: monga chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), ndi zina zotero, zomwe zili mkati mwake zimawongoleredwanso pamlingo wotsika kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitsulo chikugwira ntchito bwino kutentha kochepa komanso kuti chigwire ntchito bwino.

3. Kapangidwe ka makina

Chitoliro chachitsulo chopanda msoko cha Gr.6 chili ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri a makina, makamaka kuphatikizapo:

Mphamvu yokoka: Kawirikawiri pakati pa 415 ndi 655 MPa, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti chitoliro chachitsulo chimatha kusunga bwino kapangidwe kake ndikuletsa kusweka pamene chikukakamizidwa.

Mphamvu yotulutsa: Mtengo wocheperako ndi pafupifupi 240 MPa (imathanso kufika pa 200 MPa), kotero kuti isapange kusintha kwakukulu pansi pa mphamvu zina zakunja.

Kutalika: osachepera 30%, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chitoliro chachitsulo chili ndi mphamvu yabwino yosinthira pulasitiki ndipo chingapangitse kusintha kwina popanda kusweka chikatambasulidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo otentha kwambiri, chifukwa kutentha kochepa kungapangitse kuti zinthuzo zikhale zofooka, ndipo kusungunuka bwino kungachepetse chiopsezo cha kusweka koteroko.

Kulimba kwa mphamvu: Pa kutentha kochepa komwe kwatchulidwa (monga -45°C), mphamvu ya mphamvu iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zinazake kudzera mu kutsimikizira kwa Charpy impact test kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitoliro chachitsulo sichidzasweka chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa.