I. Zomwe Zachitika Posachedwapa mu Ndondomeko ya EU CBAM

Njira Yosinthira Malire a Mpweya wa Kaboni ya EU (CBAM) idalowa mwalamulo mu "gawo lolipiritsa" pa Januwale 1, 2026, zomwe zidasintha kuchoka pa kulengeza kwa oyang'anira kupita ku udindo wonse wazachuma. Magulu asanu ndi limodzi azinthu zogulitsa amaphatikizidwa poyamba: chitsulo, simenti, aluminiyamu, feteleza, magetsi, ndi haidrojeni.

Kuyambira mu 2026, kusintha kwakukulu kwachitika ku CBAM:

(1) Mtengo wa Kaboni Udakali Wokwera

Mu kotala lachiwiri la 2026, mtengo wa satifiketi ya CBAM unali pa€75.28/tani (pafupifupi RMB 585/tani), kusunga mulingo wapamwamba. Kuyambira mu 2027, njira yogulira mitengo idzasintha kuchoka pa zolengeza za kotala ndi sabata kupita ku za sabata, zomwe zidzalumikizidwa nthawi yeniyeni ndi mitengo yochotsera malonda ya EU ETS.

(2) Mitengo Yokhazikika Yachepetsedwa Kwambiri

Pa Julayi 31, 2026, EU idatulutsa Regulation (EU) 2026/1740, yomwe idasintha kwambiri mitengo yokhazikika ya CBAM. Zogulitsa zachitsulo zidawona kuchepa kwakukulu:

Gulu la Zamalonda Mtengo Woyambira Wam'mbuyomu (tCO)₂/tani) Mtengo Watsopano Wokhazikika (tCO)₂/tani) Kuchepetsa

Ma Billets/Omalizidwa pang'ono (7207) 8.230 3.169 -61.5%

Chitsulo cha Nkhumba (7201) 7.920 1.660 -79.0%

Chitsulo Chopangidwa ndi Alloy (7224) 9.960-10.000 6.110-6.180 -38%

Lamulo latsopanoli limachotsa ma coefficients a 10%, 20%, ndi 30% kuchokera ku lamulo lakale la (EU) la 2025/2621, ndikubwerera ku mitengo yosiyana yokhazikika kutengera njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira.

(3) Kukulitsa Chigawo

Pa Julayi 9, 2026, Komiti Yachilengedwe ya Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Ulaya idavota kuti iwonjezere kufunika kwa CBAM kuyambira pazinthu zoyambira mpaka zinthu zomalizidwa. Mu Disembala 2025, European Commission idapereka lingaliro lowonjezera zinthu pafupifupi 180 zogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu, zomwe zikuphatikizapo makina, zida ndi zinthu zachitsulo, zida zamagalimoto, zida zapakhomo, ndi zida zomangira. Kukulaku kukuyembekezeka kuyamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 1, 2028.

(4) Njira Zoletsa Kuzungulira Zilimbikitsidwa

Lamulo latsopanoli limalimbitsa malamulo oletsa kufalikira kwa kachilomboka, komwe "kukonza zinthu zazing'ono" sikuonedwanso ngati njira yovomerezeka yopewera. Pamene njira zopewera kachilomboka zadziwika, Commission ili ndi mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito zilango zomwe zimachokera kudziko lomwe idachokera.

(5) Malo Ochotsera Matani 50

Mu 2025, bungweli linakhazikitsa lamulo la pachaka loletsa kutumiza kunja kwa matani 50. Kuwunikaku kukusonyeza kuti lamuloli lidzachotsa pafupifupi 90% ya ogulitsa kunja pomwe lidzaphimba pafupifupi 99% ya mpweya woipa wa carbon.

II. Kusanthula Zotsatira pa Makampani Opanga Mapaipi a Zitsulo

Popeza mapaipi achitsulo amapangidwa ndi chitsulo mozama, amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri pansi pa dongosolo la CBAM:

(1) Kukhudza Mtengo wa Kaboni Mwachindunji

Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera mtengo kosasinthika, kutumiza kunja tani imodzi ya zinthu zachitsulo zophimbidwa ndi CBAM kungapangitse kuti ndalama zowonjezera za kaboni zikhale RMB 130 mpaka 4,670. Ngakhale kuti satifiketi za CBAM zimagulidwa ndikuperekedwa ndi otumiza ku EU, otumiza nthawi zambiri amapereka ndalama zina kapena zonsezi kwa ogulitsa aku China kudzera mu kuchepetsa mitengo kapena magawo ogwirizana a ndalama zogawana kaboni.

Kupanga zitsulo ku China makamaka kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito firewall-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF), yokhala ndi CO2.₂mpweya woipa wa pafupifupi 2.0–Matani 2.2 pa tani imodzi yachitsulo—Pamwamba kwambiri kuposa njira ya EU ya ng'anjo yamagetsi ya arc (EAF) pa 0.4–Matani 0.6. Kutengera mtengo wa kaboni wa EU koyambirira kwa 2026 wa€88/tani, pambuyo poti ndalama zothandizira zaulere zathetsedwa pofika chaka cha 2034, ndalama za CBAM zotumizira zitsulo ku EU zitha kukwera ndi€140–160 pa tani.

(2) Zotsatira za Kukula–Mapaipi achitsulo ophatikizidwa mwachindunji

Kale, zinthu zopangira zitsulo monga mapaipi mwina zinali ndi chitetezo chifukwa chosayikidwa m'gulu la "zipangizo zoyambira." Komabe, popeza CBAM ikugwira ntchito kuzinthu zopangira zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu, mapaipi achitsulo, zigawo zachitsulo, ndi mapaipi achitsulo adzaphatikizidwa mwachindunji muzoyang'anira.

Ndikofunikira kufotokoza bwino: Kukula kwa CBAM sikulipira msonkho pa chinthu chonse chomalizidwa, koma kumawerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka mu chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu womwe uli mkati mwa chinthucho. Pa mapaipi achitsulo, CBAM imangowerengera mpweya wotuluka mu chitsulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi.—kukonza ndi kupanga mpweya woipa pambuyo pake sikuli mkati mwa ntchito.

(3) Kusonkhanitsa Misonkho Kawiri ndi Ndalama za Kaboni

Malamulo atsopano a EU okhudza kulowetsa zitsulo kuchokera kumayiko ena kuyambira mu Julayi 2026 adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe sizili ndi msonkho ndi pafupifupi 47% ndipo adachulukitsa kawiri mitengo yolowera kuchokera kumayiko ena kuchokera pa 25% mpaka 50%. Mitengo ya kaboni ndi zopinga zamitengo tsopano zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta, zomwe zikuwonjezera kwambiri msonkho wonse womwe ulipo pa kutumiza mapaipi achitsulo.

(4) Kutsatira Malamulo Pamwamba Kwambiri

Pansi pa kukhazikitsa kwathunthu kwa CBAM, ogulitsa kunja ayenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza malipoti a deta yotulutsa mpweya wa carbon, kuphatikizapo kuwerengera ndalama za carbon footprint za zinthu, kutsimikizira deta ya anthu ena, ndi kupereka malipoti okhudzana ndi kutsatira malamulo. Makampani opanga zitsulo aku China pakadali pano akukumana ndi mipata mu miyezo yoyezera carbon ndi machitidwe otsatira deta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zoopsa kwakanthawi kochepa zosatsatira malamulo.

III. Malangizo kwa Otumiza Mapaipi Achitsulo

1. Unikani Ma Code a CN a Zamalonda: Onani ngati zinthu zanu zachitsulo zaphimbidwa kale kapena zidzaphimbidwa pansi pa CBAM pofika chaka cha 2028.

2. Khazikitsani Njira Zoyendetsera Deta ya Kaboni: Pangani njira zoyendetsera kaboni ya digito kuyambira pamlingo wa malonda mpaka pamlingo wa unyolo woperekera, ndikupanga zolemba zenizeni, zowonekera, komanso zotsatirika za data yotulutsa kaboni.

3. Ikani Malipoti Ofunika Kwambiri: Ngakhale kuti mitengo yokhazikika yachepetsedwa kwambiri, ikadali yokwera kuposa kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe umachokera kuzinthu zomwe makampani ambiri aku China amatulutsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo yotsimikizika ya mpweya woipa womwe umachokera kuzinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa kungachepetse kwambiri ndalama zomwe zimawononga msonkho wa carbon. Dziwani kuti malipoti enieni a mtengo wa mpweya amafunika kuwerengera ndalama ndi kutsimikizira kwa akatswiri ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka a chipani chachitatu.

4. Kupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwa mpweya wochepa: Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mpweya woipa wa zinthu zomwe zili mu chinthucho mwa kukonza mphamvu zomwe zili mu chinthucho, kuyambitsa zipangizo zopangira mpweya wochepa wa mpweya, ndikuwongolera njira zopangira zinthu.

5. Gwirizanani ndi Otumiza Zinthu ku EU: Khazikitsani njira zogawana deta ya kaboni ndi otumiza zinthu ku EU ndikukambirana pasadakhale makonzedwe ogawana ndalama za kaboni kuti mupewe kuchedwa kwa maoda kapena kutayika chifukwa cha mavuto okhudzana ndi kutsatira malamulo.