Chubu chachitsulo chopanda msoko ndi chitsulo chozungulira, chabwalo, chamakona anayi chokhala ndi gawo lopanda kanthu ndipo chopanda mipata yozungulira. Machubu achitsulo chopanda msoko amapangidwa ndi ma ingot kapena ma billet olimba omwe amabowoledwa m'machubu a capillary kenako amakulungidwa ndi kutentha, kukulungidwa ndi kuzizira kapena kukokedwa ndi kuzizira.

Chitoliro chachitsulo chopanda msoko chokhala ndi gawo lopanda kanthu, mapaipi ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza madzi, Mu mphamvu yopindika ndi yopotoka nthawi imodzi, Kuyerekeza chitoliro chachitsulo ndi chitsulo chozungulira ndi chitsulo china cholimba. Kulemera kwa chitoliro chachitsulo ndi kopepuka, ndi mtundu wa gawo lachuma lachitsulo, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zigawo za kapangidwe kake ndi zida zamakanika, monga kukumba mafuta ndi chitsulo chokoka.

Kupanga machubu achitsulo chosasunthika kwakhala ndi mbiri ya zaka pafupifupi 100. Abale a ku Germany a Manismann adapanga koyamba makina odulira machubu awiri mu 1885, kenako adapanga makina odulira machubu a periodic mu 1891, ndipo Swiss RCStiefel adapanga makina odulira machubu odzipangira okha (omwe amadziwikanso kuti makina odulira machubu apamwamba) mu 1903, ndipo makina osiyanasiyana owonjezera, monga makina odulira machubu opitilira ndi makina odulira machubu, adayamba kupanga makampani amakono a machubu achitsulo chosasunthika. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, mphero ya machubu atatu idagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Makina osindikizira owonjezera ndi makina opukutira ozizira nthawi ndi nthawi amawongolera mitundu ndi ubwino wa machubu achitsulo. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makina opukutira mapaipi osalekeza, kuonekera kwa makina opukutira atatu, makamaka kupambana kwa kugwiritsa ntchito makina ochepetsera kupsinjika ndi makina oponyera mosalekeza, kwawongolera magwiridwe antchito opanga ndikuwonjezera mpikisano wa mapaipi osasemphana ndi mapaipi olumikizidwa.

M'zaka za m'ma 1970, chitoliro chopanda msoko ndi chitoliro cholumikizidwa zikugwirizana, ndipo kutulutsa kwa chitoliro chachitsulo padziko lonse lapansi kukuwonjezeka ndi zoposa 5% pachaka. Kuyambira mu 1953, China yakhala ikupereka kufunika kwakukulu pakukula kwa makampani opanga machubu achitsulo chopanda msoko, ndipo poyamba yapanga njira yopangira machubu akuluakulu, apakati ndi ang'onoang'ono. Kawirikawiri, chitoliro cha mkuwa chimagwiritsanso ntchito njira yolumikizira machubu ndi mabowo, kuponyera machubu ndi kujambula machubu.

Kugwiritsa ntchitondi kugawa machubu achitsulo chosasunthika

Ntchito: Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopanda msoko ndi mtundu wa chitsulo cha gawo lazachuma, chili ndi udindo wofunikira kwambiri pachuma cha dziko, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mafuta, makampani opanga mankhwala, boiler, siteshoni yamagetsi, sitima, kupanga makina, magalimoto, ndege, ndege, mphamvu, nthaka, zomangamanga ndi zankhondo.

Gulu:

(1) Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a gawoli, gawoli limagawidwa m'magulu awiri: chubu chozungulira, gawoli lopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera

(2) malinga ndi zinthu: chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni, chitoliro chachitsulo cha alloy, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitoliro chophatikizana

(3) Malinga ndi njira yolumikizira: chitoliro cholumikizira cholumikizidwa ndi ulusi, chitoliro cholumikizira

(4) Malinga ndi njira yopangira: chitoliro chotentha chogubuduza (chotulutsa, pamwamba, chokulitsa), chitoliro chozizira chogubuduza (chokoka)

(5) Malinga ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito: chitoliro cha boiler, chitoliro cha mafuta, chitoliro cha mapaipi, chitoliro cha kapangidwe kake, chitoliro cha feteleza.

Njira yopangira chubu chachitsulo chopanda msoko

Njira yayikulu yopangira chubu chachitsulo chosasunthika chotentha (njira yayikulu yowunikira):

Kukonzekera ndi kuyang'ana chitoliro cha chitoliro → kutentha chitoliro cha chitoliro → kuboola chitoliro → kutenthetsa chitoliro chopanda kanthu → kukonza (kuchepetsa) m'mimba mwake → kutentha → kuwongola chitoliro chomalizidwa → kumaliza → kuyang'anira (kosawononga, zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, kuyang'anira siteshoni) → malo osungiramo zinthu

(2) Njira yopangira chitoliro chachitsulo chozizira (chojambula) chopanda msoko

Kukonzekera kwa billet → kusakaniza ndi kudzola → kuzizira (kujambula) → kutentha → kuwongola → kumaliza → kuyang'ana

Tchati cha njira yopangira chubu chachitsulo chosasunthika chotentha ndi motere: