I. Zvakaitika Zvichangoburwa muEU CBAM Policy

Nzira yeEU yeKugadzirisa Muganhu weKabhoni (EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism)CBAM) yakapinda zviri pamutemo mu "chikamu chekuchaja" musi wa1 Ndira 2026, zvichiratidza shanduko kubva pakuzivisa kwehutungamiriri kuenda ku mutoro wezvemari wakazara. Mapoka matanhatu ezvigadzirwa anotanga kutaurwa nezvawo: simbi, simende, aruminiyamu, fetereza, magetsi, uye hydrogen.

Kubva muna 2026, pane shanduko dzakawanda dzakakosha dzakaitwa kuCBAM:

(1) Mutengo weKabhoni Uchiri Kukwira

Mukota yechipiri ya2026, mutengo weCBAM certificate wakamira pa€75.28/tani (inenge RMB 585/tani), ichiramba yakakwira. Kutanga muna 2027, nzira yemitengo ichachinja kubva pakuzivisa kwekota kuenda kuvhiki, zvakabatana nenguva chaiyo nemitengo yekubvisa okisheni yeEU ETS.

(2) Maitiro Ekutanga Akaderedzwa Zvikuru

Musi wa31 Chikunguru, 2026, EU yakaburitsa Mutemo (EU) 2026/1740, uchigadzirisa zvakanyanya kukosha kweCBAM. Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakaona kudzikira kukuru:

Chikamu cheChigadzirwa Kukosha Kwekare Kwekare (tCO)₂/tani) Kukosha Kutsva Kwekare (tCO)₂/tani) Kuderedza

Mabhiritsi/Masekonzi akapedzwa (7207) 8.230 3.169 -61.5%

Simbi yenguruve (7201) 7.920 1.660 -79.0%

Simbi yeAlloy Yakapedzwa Zvishoma (7224) 9.960-10.000 6.110-6.180 -38%

Mutemo mutsva unobvisa ma markup coefficients e10%, 20%, uye 30% kubva mumutemo wekare (EU) 2025/2621, uchidzokera kune akasiyana default values ​​zvichibva panzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzira.

(3) Kuwedzera kweChikamu

Musi wa9 Chikunguru 2026, Komiti Yezvakatipoteredza yeParamende yeEurope yakavhota kuti pave nekufukidza kweCBAM kubva pazvinhu zvekutanga kusvika kuzvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa zviri pasi pemvura. Muna Zvita 2025, European Commission yakaronga kuwedzera zvigadzirwa zvinosvika zana nemakumi masere zvesimbi nearuminiyamu zviri pasi pemvura, zvichisanganisira michina, zvigadzirwa zvehardware nesimbi, zvikamu zvemotokari, midziyo yemumba, nemidziyo yekuvaka. Kuwedzera uku kunotarisirwa kutanga kushanda musi wa1 Ndira 2028.

(4) Matanho ekudzivirira kupararira kweropa akasimbiswa

Mutemo mutsva uyu unosimbisa mitemo yekudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona, uko "kugadzirisa zvinhu zvidiki" kusingachaonekwi senzira yepamutemo yekudzivirira. Kana maitiro ekudzivisa akaonekwa, Komisheni ine simba rekushandisa zviyero zvekuranga zvisina kujeka zvehutsi hwakawanda kubva kunyika yakabva.

(5) Muganho weKusunungurwa weMatani makumi mashanu

Muna 2025, Komisheni yakaunza muganho wegore negore wekusabvumidzwa kupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika we50-ton. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti muganho uyu ucharegeredza vanhu vanosvika 90% vanopinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika ukuwo uchizobhadhara vanhu vanosvika 99% yemhepo inokonzera kabhoni.

II. Kuongorora Kukanganiswa Kwebasa reMapaipi eSimbi

Sezvo zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi zvakadzika, mapaipi esimbi anotarisana nematambudziko akawanda pasi peCBAM framework:

(1) Kukanganisa Kwakananga Kwemutengo weKabhoni

Uchishandisa kuverenga kwemutengo wekare, kutumira kunze tani imwe yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakafukidzwa neCBAM kunogona kuwedzera mari yekabhoni kubva paRMB 130 kusvika 4,670. Kunyangwe zvitupa zveCBAM zvichitengwa uye zvichidzoserwa kune vanopinza zvinhu muEU, vanopinza zvinhu vanowanzo dzosera chikamu kana mari yese iyi kuvatengesi vekuChina kuburikidza nekudzikiswa kwemitengo kana zvibvumirano zvekugovana mari yekabhoni.

Kugadzirwa kwesimbi muChina kunonyanya kugadzirwa nefurnace ye blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF), ine CO2.₂kuburitswa kwemhepo kunosvika 2.0–2.2 matani patani yesimbi—yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura nzira yeEU yemagetsi echitofu chemagetsi (EAF) pa0.4–Matani 0.6. Zvichibva pamutengo wekabhoni weEU wekutanga kwa2026 we€88/tani, mushure mekunge mari yemahara yabviswa zvachose panosvika 2034, mitengo yeCBAM yekutengeswa kwesimbi kuEU inogona kuwedzera ne€140–160 patani.

(2) Kubudirira Kwekuwedzera–Mapaipi eSimbi Anobatanidzwa Zvakananga

Kare, zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira simbi zvakaita semapaipi zvingave zvaive nebuffer nekuda kwekusaiswa muchikamu che "zvinhu zvepakutanga." Zvisinei, sezvo CBAM ichienderera mberi kune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi nearuminiyamu zvakanyanya pasi, mapaipi esimbi, zvikamu zvesimbi zvekuvaka, uye mapaipi esimbi akaumbwa zvichabatanidzwa zvakananga muchikamu chekutonga.

Zvakakosha kujekesa: Kuwedzera kweCBAM hakubhadharise chigadzirwa chose chapera, asi kunoverenga huwandu hwesimbi nearuminiyamu zviri muchigadzirwa. Pamapaipi esimbi, CBAM inongoverenga kabhoni yakaputirwa yesimbi inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemapaipi.—kugadzirisa nekugadzira zvinobudisa utsi zvinotevera hazvisi mukati mehurongwa hwazvo.

(3) Kuunganidzwa Kwemitengo Kaviri uye Mari yeKabhoni

Mitemo mitsva yeEU yekupinza simbi kubva kunze kwenyika yakashanda muna Chikunguru 2026 yakaderedza mitengo yekupinza zvinhu isina mutero neinenge 47% uye yakapetwa kaviri mitengo yekupinza zvinhu kubva pa25% kusvika pa50%. Mari yekabhoni uye zvipingamupinyi zvemitero zvino zvave kuita kuti pave nemhedzisiro inowedzera, zvichiwedzera zvakanyanya mutero wepasi rose wekutumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika nemapombi esimbi.

(4) Muganho weKutevedzera Mutemo Wakakwira Zvikuru

Pasi pekuitwa kwakazara kweCBAM, vatengesi vekunze vanofanirwa kutevedzera zvisungo zvakasimba zvekushuma nezve data recarbon emissions, kusanganisira kuverengerwa kwe carbon footprint yezvigadzirwa, kusimbiswa kwedata rechitatu, uye kutumirwa kwe commitment report. Makambani esimbi ekuChina parizvino anotarisana nemikana mumitemo yekuyera carbon uye masisitimu ekutevera data, zvichigadzira njodzi dzenguva pfupi dzekusatevedzera mitemo.

III. Mazano kune Vanotumira Mapaipi Esimbi Kunze Kwenyika

1. Ongorora Makodhi eCN eChigadzirwa: Tarisa kana zvigadzirwa zvako zvepaipi yesimbi zvatovharwa kana kuti zvichavharwa pasi peCBAM panosvika gore ra2028.

2. Gadzirai Maitiro Ekutarisira Ruzivo Rwekabhoni: Gadzirai masisitimu ekutarisira kabhoni edhijitari kubva padanho rezvigadzirwa kusvika padanho rekutengesa, muchigadzira zvinyorwa zveruzivo rwekabhoni rwechokwadi, rwakajeka, uye runoteverwa.

3. Isa Pamberi Kunyora Hunhu Hwakosha: Kunyangwe hunhu hwepakutanga hwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, huchiri pamusoro pehuwandu hweutsi hwemhepo hunobuda mumhepo kune makambani mazhinji ekuChina. Kushandisa hunhu hweutsi hwemhepo hwakasimbiswa kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mari yemitero yecarbon. Ziva kuti kunyora hunhu hwemhepo kunoda hunyanzvi hwekuverenga uye kusimbiswa nemasangano echitatu ane mvumo.

4. Kuchinja-chinja kwekabhoni shoma: Deredza kusimba kwekabhoni yechigadzirwa panzvimbo yacho nekuvandudza magadzirirwo esimba, kuisa zvinhu zvisina kabhoni yakawanda, uye kuvandudza maitiro ekugadzira.

5. Kushanda pamwe chete nevanopinza zvinhu muEU: Gadzira nzira dzekugovana data recarbon nevanopinza zvinhu muEU uye tauriranai nezvehurongwa hwekugovana mari yecarbon pachine nguva kudzivirira kunonoka kweodha kana kurasikirwa nekuda kwematambudziko ekutevedzera mitemo.