Kakaretso: Sengoloa sena se hlahloba litlhaloso tse peli tse nyane tsa bophara tlasa ASTM A106 Gr.B — 21.3×2.77mm (1/2″ SCH40/STD) le 26.7×2.87mm (3/4″ SCH40/STD) — ho sekaseka sebaka sa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea lefats'e ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo tšebelisong ea ho qetela 'marakeng oa Brazil. Liindasteri tsa oli le khase, petrochemical le motlakase tsa Brazil li hlahisa tlhoko e matla ea litlhaloso tsena, haholo-holo bakeng sa liphaephe tsa lisebelisoa, ho latela mouoane le likhokahano tsa phapanyetsano ea mocheso. Leha ho le joalo, barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Chaena ba tobane le mosebetsi oa ho thibela ho lahla lithōle oa USD 743 ka tonne, o hlokang moralo o hlokolosi oa ho kena 'marakeng.
I. Kakaretso ea Sehlahisoa
ASTM A106 Gr.Bke tlhaloso ea phaephe ea tšepe ea khabone e se nang sekoli tlas'a tekanyetso ea Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Testing le Lisebelisoa bakeng sa tšebeletso ea mocheso o phahameng. Sehlopha sa B ke sehlopha se boletsoeng ka ho fetisisa, se fanang ka motsoako o leka-lekaneng oa matla le ho tjheseletsa. Sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa lik'hemik'hale: C 0.17–0.24%, Si 0.17–0.37%, Mn 0.35–0.65%, ka P le S ka bobeli ≤0.030%. Thepa ea mechini e kenyelletsa matla a ho thaepa a 410–550 MPa, ntlha ea chai ea 245 MPa, ho lelefala ha 24%, le mocheso oa tšebeletso oa −29°C ho isa ho 425°C.
Litlhaloso ka bobeli li oela ka har'a sebaka se senyenyane sa ASME B36.10M:
| Tlhaloso | Boholo bo Ikhethang | Kemiso | Boima ba khopolo-taba |
| 21.3×2.77 mm | 1/2″ (DN15) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.27 kg/m |
| 26.7×2.87 mm | 3/4″ (DN20) | SCH40 / STD | ~1.68 kg/m |
Tsena ke boholo bo bonyenyane ka ho fetisisa ba liphaephe tse sebelisoang hangata lits'ebetsong tsa liphaephe tsa ts'ebetso, tse kentsoeng ka bongata meleng ea lisebelisoa, meleng ea lisampole, ho latela mouoane, le liphaephe tsa ts'ebetso tse phallang butle. Bafepedi ba Brazil ba thathamisa 21.3×2.77mm e le sehlahisoa se tloaelehileng sa bolelele ba limithara tse 6 se boima ba 7.6 kg ka sengoathoana, le 26.7×2.87mm e le phaephe ea SCH40 ea 3/4″ ho 1.68 kg/m.
II. Limmaraka tsa Kopo ea Lefatše ka Bophara
Phaephe ea A106 Gr.Be sebeletsa mefuta e mengata ea liindasteri: phetiso ea oli le khase, litsamaiso tsa mecha ea litaba ea lik'hemik'hale, liphaephe tsa boiler tsa fektheri ea motlakase, le tlhahiso ea mechini, e atolohelang mehahong ea tšepe ea kaho, kaho ea likepe, marokho, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase oa moea, liindasteri tsa pampiri, sehatsetsing, ts'ebetso ea lijo le paballo ea metsi. Ho latela boemo bo sebetsang:
Liphaephe tsa ts'ebetso tse nang le mocheso o phahameng le khatello e phahameng. Ena ke ts'ebeliso ea mantlha. Tekanyetso e shebane ka ho hlaka le tšebeletso ea mocheso o phahameng, ka ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ho kenyeletsoa mela ea mouoane, li-unit tsa ho hloekisa, litsamaiso tsa boiler le superheater, le lits'ebeletso tsa ts'ebetso ea petrochemical. Boholo ba 1/2″ le 3/4″ bo sebetsa haholo-holo e le mela ea li-impulse tsa lisebelisoa, ho latela mouoane, mela ea ho nka lisampole, le liphaephe tsa makala a phallo e nyane lits'ebetsong tse joalo.
Liphaephe tse thusang ts'ebetsong ea oli le khase. Leha phetiso ea sebaka se selelele e laoloa keAPI 5L, A106 Gr.B e sebelisoa haholo meleng ea ho bokella masimo, likhokahano tsa lithapo tsa metsi, le liphaephe tsa ho hloekisa ka hare ho fektheri. Lintlha tsa khoebo li bontša phaephe e se nang seamless ea 21.3mm OD × 2.77mm WT e etselitsoeng liphaephe tsa oli le khase ka ho khetheha, hangata e le bolelele ba limithara tse 6.
Phetisetso e akaretsang ea mokelikeli oa indasteri. Litsing tsa lik'hemik'hale, meriana le ts'ebetso ea lijo, phaephe e nyane ea A106 e sebetsana le metsi, khase le mecha ea litaba ea lik'hemik'hale, ka linako tse ling e koahetsoe ka ntle bakeng sa ho hanyetsa mafome ho matlafalitsoeng.
Ditshebediso tsa sebopeho le tsa mechini. Phaephe e nyane e se nang moedi e sebediswa methaleng ya hydraulic, matsoho a jarang, le disebediswa tsa ho hlahloba jeoloji, tse hlokang ho nepahala ho hoholo le thepa e tsitsitseng ya mechini.
III. Tlhahlobo ea 'Maraka oa Brazil
3.1 Teka-tekano ea Maemo
Maemo a tekheniki a Brazil a boloka kamano e hlakileng le litlhaloso tsa ASTM. Mokhatlo oa Brazil oa Maemo a Tekheniki (ABNT) o fane ka NBR 6321, e lekanang le ASTM A106, haholo-holo bakeng sa phaephe ea tšepe ea khabone e se nang sekoli tšebeletsong ea mocheso o phahameng; NBR 5590 e lekana leASTM A53bakeng sa ho tsamaisa mokelikeli ka kakaretso. Sena se bolela hore phaephe ea A106 Gr.B e lumellana ka botekgeniki le moralo oa maemo a lehae oa Brazil ntle le phetoho kapa netefatso bocha.
Barekisi ba Brazil ba hlalosa ka ho hlaka sebaka sa A106. Tubonasa, morekisi oa liphaephe ea São Paulo, o re A106 e lula "ka hare ho fektheri" - mela ea mouoane, li-unit tsa ho hloekisa, le liphaephe tsa ts'ebetso ea mocheso o phahameng - ha API 5L e laola liphaephe tsa lipalangoang tsa maeto a malelele. Maemo ana a mabeli a sebeletsa mesebetsi e fapaneng 'me ha a feto-fetohe.
3.2 Makala a Bohlokoa a Ts'ebeliso
Brazil, e le e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa oli le khase Latin America, e na le makala a eona a peterole, a tlhoekiso le a motlakase e le litsi tsa mantlha tsa tlhoko ea phaephe ea A106 Gr.B e bophara bo bonyenyane. E ipapisitse le mehloli ea indasteri ea Brazil:
Litsi tsa ho hloekisa le lifeme tsa petrochemical. Phaephe ea A106 Gr.B e sebelisoa methaleng ea ts'ebetso ea mocheso o phahameng, likhokahano tsa phapanyetsano ea mocheso, litsamaiso tsa kabo ea mouoane, le liphaephe tsa condenser ka har'a litsi tsa ho hloekisa. Litlaleho tsa theko ea Petrobras li bontša phaephe e se nang mokelikeli ea A106-B e boletsoeng bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa ts'ebetso ea ho hloekisa, ka mocheso o hlakileng oa moralo le liparamente tsa khatello. Boholo ba 21.3mm le 26.7mm bo sebeletsa mela ea lisebelisoa le liphaephe tse thusang - bophahamo ba yuniti bo tlase empa bongata bo phahameng ba ho kenngoa, bo etsa tlhoko ea boleng bo ka sebelisoang.
Litsamaiso tsa motlakase le liboiler. Liteishene tsa motlakase tsa motlakase le tsa mocheso tsa Brazil li hloka phaephe e kholo ea tšepe ea khabone e se nang sekoli e nang le mocheso o phahameng bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa metsi a boiler, lithapo tsa mouoane, le lipotoloho tsa condenser. Mefuta ea litšebeletso tsa A106 Gr.B ea −29°C ho isa ho 425°C e akaretsa maemo a ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea boiler ka botlalo.
Khemikhale le meriana. Liindastering tsa lik'hemik'hale le meriana tsa Brazil, phaephe e nyane ea A106 e sebetsana le phetiso ea mokelikeli o hloekileng haholo, likhokahano tsa reactor, le lithapo tsa thuso. Kaho e se nang seam e khethoa moo ho hlokahalang hore ho be boreleli ka hare le ho se be teng ha li-weld seams.
Indasteri le meralo ea motheo ka kakaretso. Marangrang a kabo ea khase ea masepala, lithapo tsa mouoane le metsi a chesang lifemeng tsa lijo le lino, le liphaephe tsa potoloho ea metsi a chesang tsa HVAC le tsona li hlahisa tlhoko e tsitsitseng ea phaephe ea A106 e bophara bo bonyenyane.
3.3 Tikoloho ea Khoebo ea Kantle ho Naha
Brazil ke morekisi ea ka sehloohong oa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang sekoli. Ho ea ka lintlha tsa Banka ea Lefatše ea WITS, thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ea Brazil ea liphaephe tse se nang sekoli (HS 7304) ka 2023 e bile le boleng ba hoo e ka bang USD 157 milione, e emelang lithane tse ka bang 157,000 (bophara le likereiti tsohle).
Leha ho le jwalo, barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba China ba tobane le tšitiso e kgolo ya kgwebo. Ka la 24 Phupu 2023, Khomishene ya Kgwebo ya Kantle ho Naha ya Brazil (GECEX) e ntshitse Qeto ya 497, e tswelang pele ka makgetho a kgahlanong le ho lahla ditshireletso hodima phaephe ya tshepe ya khabone e se nang moedi e tswang Chaena (bophara ba kantle ba ≤5 inches/141.3mm, bakeng sa diphaephe tsa oli le kgase, khoutu ya tefiso ya Mercosur 7304.19.00) ka sekgahla sa USD 743.00 ka tonne ka dilemo tse hlano. Boemo bona ba lekgetho bo beha kgatello e kgolo ya ditjeo hodima phaephe ya 21.3mm le 26.7mm A106 Gr.B. Kgahlanong le mefuta ya theko ya referense ya 2026 ya USD 750–1,150 ka tonne bakeng sa phaephe e se nang moedi ya A106 Gr.B, lekgetho la kgahlanong le ho lahla ditshireletso le emela moroalo o eketsehileng wa ditjeo wa 65–99%.
Haholo-holo, mohato oa ho thibela ho lahla lithōle o koahela ka ho hlaka phaephe ea tšepe ea khabone e se nang sekoli e nang le OD ≤5 inches (141.3mm) bakeng sa tšebeliso ea liphaephe tsa oli le khase. Litlhaloso tsa 21.3mm le 26.7mm ka bobeli li oela ka har'a sebaka sena. Ka Phupu 2026, Brazil e boetse e qalile lipatlisiso tsa ho thibela ho lahla lithōle phaepheng ea tšepe ea khabone e se nang sekoli e tsoang Chaena (likhoutu tsa lekhetho tsa Mercosur 7305.11.00 le 7305.12.00), leha sena se shebane le sehlahisoa se se nang sekoli ho e-na le sehlahisoa se se nang sekoli. Mokhoa ona o ntse o bontša mekhoa ea khoebo e tiileng khahlanong le lihlahisoa tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tsa Chaena.
IV. Tšebeliso ea mantlha ea ho qetela Brazil (Pono ea Bophara bo Bonyenyane)
Ho kopanya moralo oa maemo a Brazil, data ea ts'ebeliso ea indasteri, le litšobotsi tsa khoebo ea kantle ho naha, liphaephe tse se nang sekoli tsa 21.3×2.77mm le 26.7×2.87mm A106 Gr.B li sebeletsa ts'ebeliso ea mantlha e latelang ha li romelloa Brazil:
Methapo ea lisebelisoa le ea ho nka lisampole. Tšebeliso e matla ka ho fetisisa ea phaephe e se nang sekoli e nyane libakeng tsa ho hloekisa tsa Brazil, lifemeng tsa petrochemical, le litsing tsa ts'ebetso ea khase ea tlhaho ke liphaephe tsa ho ntša li-instrument impulse le mela ea ho nka lisampole. Tsena li hokahana ka kotloloho le li-transmitter tsa khatello, li-flow metres, le li-analyzer tsa inthanete, tse hlokang libaka tse hloekileng tsa ka hare, litekanyo tse nepahetseng, le ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng le khatello. 21.3mm le 26.7mm ke boholo bo bobeli bo tloaelehileng haholo liphaepheng tsa lisebelisoa.
Ho latela le ho aba ka mouoane. Libaka tsa peterole le tsa ho hloekisa tsa Brazil li sebelisa haholo ho latela ka mouoane ho thibela mecha ea ts'ebetso ho tiea kapa ho kristale. Phaephe ea A106 e bophara bo bonyenyane e sebetsa e le makala a kabo le mela ea ho khutla ea condensate, ka tekanyo ea bophahamo ka ho latellana ho latela boholo ba semela.
Likhokahano tsa phapanyetsano ea mocheso le likhokahano tsa condenser. Likhokahano tsa phapanyetsano ea mocheso, likhokahano, le li-reboilers makaleng a motlakase le a petrochemical a Brazil hangata li sebelisa phaephe e se nang moedi ea A106 Gr.B e nyane bakeng sa makala a metsi a pholileng, likhokahano tsa ho kena ka mouoane, le libaka tsa ho ntša metsi a kolobisitsoeng.
Litsamaiso tsa thuso le tse thusang. Mehala ea moea e hatelletsoeng, liphaephe tsa naetrojene, makala a kabo ea mouoane, le makala a tsamaiso ea metsi a mollo lifemeng tsa indasteri tsa Brazil hangata a sebelisa phaephe ea A106 Gr.B ea 1/2″ le 3/4″. Litšebeliso tsena li na le litšenyehelo tse tlase empa li hloka ho thibeloa ha khatello ea mantlha le ho hanyetsa mocheso, moo karolelano ea litšenyehelo le ts'ebetso ea A106 Gr.B e leng molemo.
V. Liphephetso tsa 'Maraka le Mehopolo ea Maano
Tšusumetso ea litšenyehelo tsa litefiso tsa ho thibela ho lahla thepa. Lekhetho la ho thibela ho lahla thepa la USD 743/tonne le beha phaephe e nyane ea bophara ba China A106 kotsing e kholo ea litšenyehelo tsa mobu ha e bapisoa le sehlahisoa sa lehae sa Brazil kapa thepa e tsoang Romania (sekhahla sa lekhetho la USD 75.11/tonne). Bakeng sa litlhaloso tsa bophara bo bonyenyane tse nang le boleng bo tlase ba yuniti, lekhetho le emela karolo e phahameng ea boleng ba sehlahisoa, e leng se senyang tlholisano ea theko ka mokhoa o sa lekanang.
Setifikeiti le ho latela melao. Brazil e hloka setifikeiti sa INMETRO bakeng sa dihlahiswa tsa phaephe ya tshepe. Phaephe ya A106 Gr.B e rekiswang Brazil e tlameha ho latela ditlhoko tsa ho tshwaya tsa NBR 6321, ho kenyeletswa lebitso la moetsi kapa letshwao la kgwebo, boitsebahatso bo sebetsang ba API Spec 5L, le letshwao la setifikeiti sa INMETRO. Barekisi ba thepa kantle ho naha ba lokela ho netefatsa hore ditokomane tse felletseng tsa sehlahiswa, disetifikeiti tsa thepa, le ditlaleho tsa tlhahlobo ya motho wa boraro ho fokotsa tieho ya lekgetho.
Likhothaletso tsa maano a kanale. Ka lebaka la moroalo oa mosebetsi oa ho thibela ho lahla thepa, barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba Chaena ba ka nahana ka: (1) ho theha likamano tsa nako e telele le barekisi ba Brazil ho sebelisa marang-rang a thepa ea lehae le bareki bakeng sa ho arolelana litšenyehelo; (2) ho hlahloba likarolo tse seng tsa kopo ea oli le khase (indasteri e akaretsang, kaho, ts'ebetso ea lijo) tse ka oelang tlas'a lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa litefiso; (3) ho latela kemiso ea tlhahlobo ea ho likela ha letsatsi khahlanong le ho lahla thepa (tekanyo ea hona joale e tsoela pele ho fihlela ka Phupu 2028) bakeng sa nako ea ho kena 'marakeng.
VI. Qetello
Litlhaloso tsa 21.3×2.77mm le 26.7×2.87mm tlasa ASTM A106 Gr.B li sebeletsa liphaephe tsa ts'ebetso ea mocheso o phahameng, mela ea lisebelisoa, le lits'ebetso tsa phetisetso ea mokelikeli oa indasteri lefatšeng ka bophara. Brazil e boloka tlhoko ea sebopeho bakeng sa boholo bona, e tsamaisoang haholo-holo ke liphaephe tsa lisebelisoa, ho latela mouoane, le likhokahano tsa phapanyetsano ea mocheso makaleng a ho hloekisa, petrochemical le motlakase. Ka botekgeniki, ho lekana pakeng tsa A106 le NBR 6321 ea Brazil ho felisa litšitiso tsa maemo; leha ho le joalo, khoebong, mosebetsi oa ho thibela ho lahla thepa oa USD 743/tonne o baka tšitiso e kholo bakeng sa sehlahisoa sa China. Barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba tlameha ho leka-lekanya litšenyehelo tsa ho latela melao, leano la kanale, le boemo ba sehlahisoa ho fihlela karolo e tsitsitseng 'marakeng oa Brazil.
Nako ea poso: Mphalane-15-2026
