Njengoko amacandelo ezixhobo eziphezulu, iibhoyila zamandla, kunye nezixhobo zeekhemikhali eqhubeka nokuphucula ngo-2026, iimfuno zokusebenza kwepayipi—ngokukodwa malunga nokukwazi ukufudumala okuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala—zinyukile kakhulu. Njengoluhlu lwepayipi ezisebenzayo eziphezulu, iipayipi zentsimbi ye-alloy engenamthungo zidlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kwimimandla efana neekhemikhali zepetroli, ukuveliswa kombane, kunye nokuveliswa kwebhoyila. Phakathi kwezi,I-ASTM A335Iipayipi zentsimbi ze-chromium-molybdenum alloy ziye zaba zizinto ezikhethwayo kwiindawo zoshishino ezifuna umgudu, ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nobushushu obuphezulu, ukumelana nokurhubuluza, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Eli nqaku lichaza ngokucwangcisiweyo iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigangatho eqhelekileyo—efanaA335 P5, P9, P11, P22, kunyeI-P91—kwaye inika ulwazi oluchanekileyo ukuze ikwazi ukukhokela izigqibo zokuthenga.
I. Isishwankathelo esineenkcukacha kunye nokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwezinto ze-ASTM A335 Series
IUmgangatho we-ASTM A335Iquka amanqanaba ahlukeneyo emibhobho engenamthungo yentsimbi ye-ferritic alloy; ngenxa yokwahluka kokwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zoomatshini, amanqanaba onke afanele ubushushu obuthile, uxinzelelo, kunye neendawo ezirhabaxa.
1. A335 P5(Ilingana namanqanaba asekhaya12Cr5Mo/1Cr5Mo)
I-P5 yenye yezona zigaba zibalaseleyo kumgangatho we-ASTM A335, enomxholo we-chromium ophakathi kwe-4.00–6.00% kunye nomxholo we-molybdenum ophakathi kwe-0.45–0.65%. Le nto ihambelana nemigangatho ye-ASTM A335/A335M kunye ne-ASME SA335/SA335M, inika amandla okutsalwa kwe-≥415 MPa kunye namandla okukhupha i-≥205 MPa.
Imibhobho yentsimbi ye-P5 ibonakalisa ubushushu obugqwesileyo kunye nokumelana nokurhubuluza kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-540°C. Izicelo eziphambili ziquka:
Ishishini Lombane: Ii-superheater zebhoyila, ii-reheater, kunye neepayipi eziphambili zomphunga; zifanelekile kwiindawo zebhoyila ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu ezisebenza kuxinzelelo oluyi-≥9.8 MPa kunye namaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-450°C kunye ne-650°C.
Ishishini lePetrochemical: Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana nemibhobho yokudlulisa ii-reactors ze-hydroprocessing, imigca yokudlulisa iiyunithi zokuqhekeka, kunye neeyunithi zokulungisa ii-catalytic. Kwimidiya ye-oyile negesi equlethe i-sulfur, izinga lokugqwala kwentsimbi ye-P5 liphantsi ngama-40% kunelentsimbi engagqwali engama-304. Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezakhiweyo: Izinto zoomatshini ezifana nemibhobho yokubhola ioyile, imibhobho yokuqhuba imoto, kunye neeringi zokuthwala eziqengqelekayo.
2. A335 P9
I-P9 ikwicandelo le-chromium ephezulu, enomxholo we-chromium oyi-8–10% kunye nomxholo we-molybdenum oyi-0.9–1.1%; inika ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuxinana kobushushu obuphezulu kunye namandla aphezulu. Le piping isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini le-petrochemical kunye nezixhobo ze-boiler, ezifanelekileyo kwiindawo zokusebenza ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ezinobushushu obuphezulu (uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza >9.8 MPa; amaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-650°C). I-P9 isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvelisa izinto ezithwala uxinzelelo ezifana nee-boiler superheaters kunye nee-reheaters, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiyunithi zokuqhekeka kwe-refinery kunye neepayipi ezine-sulfur ezinobushushu obuphezulu.
3. A335 P11
I-P11 yintsimbi ye-chromium-molybdenum ene-alloy ephantsi enomxholo we-chromium oyi-1.0–1.5% kunye nomxholo we-molybdenum oyi-0.44–0.65%, enika ukudityaniswa okuhle kunye namandla obushushu obuphakathi. Ukusebenza kwayo kudlula okombhobho wentsimbi eqhelekileyo engenamthungo; ilula ngobunzima ngelixa inika amandla okugoba alinganayo kunye nokujika.
I-P11 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi:
Izitshintshi zobushushu kunye nemibhobho yokudlulisa umphunga kubushushu obuphakathi kwicandelo le-petrochemical
Iinkqubo zemibhobho ezinobushushu obuphezulu kumashishini afana nokutsalwa kweoyile, ukuhanjiswa kwegesi yendalo, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla obushushu
Ubushushu obusebenzayo: ≤550°C
I-P11 yeyona nto ikhethwayo yokuphucula xa amaqondo obushushu okusebenza egqitha umda ophezulu wemibhobho yentsimbi yekhabhoni (ASTM A106).
4. A335 P22(ilingana nenqanaba lasekhaya12Cr2MoG)
I-P22 ine-2.25% ye-chromium kunye ne-1% ye-molybdenum kwaye yenzelwe ngokukodwa iindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu, ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ezinobushushu bokusebenza obufikelela kwi-580°C kunye noxinzelelo oluyi-≥9.8 MPa. Le nto idibanisa amandla aphezulu okuqhekeka kunye nokuguquguquka okuhle kwexesha elide.
I-P22 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiipayipi eziphambili zomphunga kunye neentloko kwiibhoyila zezityalo zamandla, ii-superheater kunye neepayipi zomphunga kushishino lwe-petrochemical, kunye neenkqubo zepayipi zoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwizixhobo zamandla enyukliya. Ubushushu obusebenzayo: ≤600°C. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka iipayipi ezishushu kumphezulu kumacandelo ombane obushushu, amandla enyukliya, kunye ne-petrochemical. 5. A335 P91 (ilingana nomgangatho wasekhaya we-10Cr9Mo1VNb)
I-P91 yinqanaba lokusebenza okuphezulu ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-A335, enomxholo we-chromium we-8–9.5% kunye nomxholo we-molybdenum we-0.85–1.05%, kunye nokongezwa kwezinto ezincinci ezifana ne-vanadium (V) kunye ne-niobium (Nb). Inika amandla okuvelisa we-≥415 MPa kunye namandla okutsalwa we-≥585 MPa, kwaye ifanelekile kumaqondo obushushu okusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-625°C.
Iingenelo eziphambili zeP91 ziquka:
Uxinzelelo lwayo oluvumelekileyo kuluhlu lwama-550–650°C luphindwe kabini kunolo lwentsimbi zemveli, nto leyo evumela ukwehla kwama-40% kubukhulu bodonga lwepayipi phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.
Ibonisa amandla aphezulu obushushu, ukumelana ne-oxidation, kunye nokumelana nokuqhekeka.
Amandla okuqhekeka kwayo kwi-600°C aphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kane kunezixhobo ezifanayo.
I-P91 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiipayipi eziphambili zomphunga kwiiyunithi zamandla ezibaluleke kakhulu nezibaluleke kakhulu, iipayipi ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya, kunye nee-superheaters kwibhoyila ezinkulu zezikhululo zamandla. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iye yasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiipayipi eziphambili zomphunga kwizityalo zamandla ezinkulu kwilizwe lam.
II. Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Eziqwalaselwayo Xa Uthenga Iipayipi Zentsimbi Ye-Alloy
1. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezichanekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokusebenza
Ukukhethwa kwezinto kufuneka kusekelwe ekufanelekileni kweemeko ezithile zokusebenza. Kwizixhobo zebhoyila ezinobushushu obuphezulu, ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, iiklasi ezikhethekileyo ze-boyila ezifana12Cr1MoVGkwaye15CrMoGzifanelekile; Iigreyidi ze-P5 kunye ne-P9 zikhethwa kwiiyunithi zokuqhekeka kwe-refinery catalytic kunye neepayipi ezine-sulfur; kwaye izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezifana ne-P91 ziyafuneka kwiipayipi eziphambili zomphunga zeeyunithi ezibalulekileyo. Kumaqondo obushushu okusebenza angaphezulu kwama-600°C, nezinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezifana ne-P92 kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Kuphephe ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kuphela kwixabiso—iipayipi ze-alloy zibiza ngaphezulu kwama-30-50% kune-carbon steel eqhelekileyo, kwaye iikowuteshini eziphantsi kakhulu zinokubonisa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali ezingaphantsi komgangatho okanye iziphene zokwenziwa.
2. Ukuqinisekiswa Okungqongqo Kokwakhiwa Kwezinto Nemigangatho
Ngexesha lokuthenga, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kuyahlangabezana neemfuno ezisemgangathweni (umz., i-P5 ifuna umxholo we-chromium oyi-4.0–6.0% kunye nomxholo we-molybdenum oyi-0.45–0.65%). Ababoneleli kufuneka banike iingxelo zohlalutyo lwe-spectral kunye neZatifikethi zoVavanyo lweMpahla ezipheleleyo (i-MTC). Qaphela ngokukodwa ukuba i-12% yeesampulu ezijikeleza kwimarike zinomxholo we-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum ongaphantsi kwemida esezantsi. Kwiiprojekthi ezibalulekileyo, kucetyiswa ukuba kuthathwe iisampulu kunye novavanyo lomntu wesithathu (umz., yi-SGS). 3. Gxila kwiZiqinisekiso zoMboneleli kunye neZakhono zoVavanyo
Ababoneleli abakumgangatho ophezulu kufuneka babe nesatifikethi senkqubo yomgangatho we-ISO9001 kwaye babe nemigca yemveliso yokuqengqeleka okushushu nokutsala/ukuqengqeleka okubandayo, kunye neelayisenisi zemveliso ezihambelanayo. Kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngezixhobo zovavanyo zobungcali ezikwaziyo ukwenza uhlalutyo lokwakheka kweekhemikhali, uvavanyo lwepropathi yoomatshini, kunye novavanyo olungonakalisiyo (MT/UT), kwaye banike iingxelo zovavanyo ezipheleleyo xa beziswa. Eyona nto iphambili kufuneka inikwe abavelisi abaneLayisenisi yokuVelisa izixhobo eziKhethekileyo.
4. Beka phambili unyango lobushushu kunye nolawulo lweenkqubo
Inkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu (ukulungisa + ukufudumala) kwimibhobho yentsimbi ye-alloy ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu zezinto. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yemveliso isebenzisa ukucocwa kweladle (ukunciphisa ukungcola kwesalfure kunye ne-phosphorus) kunye nonyango oluphindwe kabini lokulungisa nokulungisa (ukuthintela ukurhabaxa kweenkozo). Kwiintsimbi ezine-alloy ephezulu ezifana ne-P91, ezinokuthi ziqhekeke ngenxa ye-hydrogen ngexesha lokuwelda, inkqubo yokuwelda edibeneyo ye-argon-arc kunye neyombane kufuneka isetyenziswe, kwaye amaqondo obushushu okufudumeza alawulwe ngokungqongqo.
5. Qinisekisa ukuchaneka kobukhulu kunye neMigangatho yoHlolo
Ukunyamezelana kobubanzi bangaphandle kufuneka kulawulwe ngaphakathi kwe-±0.75%, kwaye ukuphambuka kobukhulu bodonga akufanele kudlule i-±10%. Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic kufuneka luhlangabezane nemigangatho yeNqanaba L2 (GB/T 5777), kwaye ubungakanani bengqolowa kufuneka bube yiBakala 5 okanye bube mncinci. Iikhontrakthi zokuthenga kufuneka zichaze ngokucacileyo iinkqubo zokusingatha iingxabano zomgangatho, kubandakanya iinkcukacha zenkqubo yokuwelda kunye neendlela zokubuyisela okanye ukutshintshwa kweempahla ngenxa yeengxaki zomgangatho.
III. Iinguqu kwiMarike kunye neeNdlela zoShishino
Ukususela ngo-2026, imakethi yemibhobho yentsimbi ye-alloy iqhubeke nokunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe. Idatha yeshishini ibonisa ukuba ngo-2024, inani lababoneleli beemibhobho zentsimbi ye-alloy abafanelekileyo kwilizwe lam lifikelele kwi-27, kunye nomthamo wonyaka wemveliso odlula iitoni ezingama-500,000. Ngokuphathelele amaxabiso, iifektri ezinkulu zentsimbi kutshanje zigcine amaxabiso azinzileyo, ngelixa ii-odolo ze-tungsten kunye ne-molybdenum-bearing steel grades ziphantsi "kothethwano ngokwesiseko se-odolo nganye."
Njengoko izixhobo zokuvelisa umbane ezinkulu zitshintsha ziye kumandla aphezulu kunye neeparameter, imfuno yezixhobo zokusebenza okuphezulu ezifana ne-P91/T91 iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ubuchule bobuchwephesha okwangoku bugxile kwiindawo ezifana netekhnoloji yokuxuba izinto ezincinci kunye nokwenza ngcono iinkqubo zonyango lobushushu.
IV. Kutheni Ufanele Usebenzisane Nathi?
Inkxaso yoKhetho loBugcisa: Sinamava amaninzi ekunikezeni uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto ze-ASTM A335 kwaye sinokufanisa ngokuchanekileyo izinto ezifanelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha kwiimeko zakho zokusebenza (ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye neempawu eziphakathi). Uqinisekiso loMgangatho: Ulawulo oluqinileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo—ukusuka ekukhetheni izinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekuhlolweni kwemveliso egqityiweyo. Zonke iimveliso zijonga umgangatho ochanekileyo ngeendlela ezininzi, zigqitha imigangatho yeshishini yokuchaneka kobukhulu kunye neempawu zoomatshini.
Inkonzo eguquguqukayo: Sixhasa ukwenziwa kweeprototypes ezincinci kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso iinkcukacha ezingezizo ezisemgangathweni, sinikezela uluhlu olubanzi lwemveliso kunye nokufumaneka okwaneleyo kwesitokhwe.
Ukulandeleka Okupheleleyo: Sinikezela ngesatifikethi esipheleleyo sezinto, iingxelo zovavanyo lomntu wesithathu, kunye nesatifikethi somgangatho we-MTC ukuqinisekisa ukulandeleka okupheleleyo kwemveliso.
Inkxaso yoBugcisa emva kokuthengisa: Sinikezela ngeenkonzo ezipheleleyo emva kokuthengisa, kubandakanya isikhokelo senkqubo yokuwelda kunye nokubonisana ngobuchwepheshe.
Qhagamshelana nathi namhlanje ukuze ufumane isicwangciso sokukhetha umbhobho wentsimbi eyenziwe nge-alloy kunye nexabiso lamva nje!
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-07-2026
