Isishwankathelo: Eli nqaku lihlola iinkcukacha ezimbini ezincinci phantsi kwe-ASTM A106 Gr.B — 21.3×2.77mm (1/2″ SCH40/STD) kunye ne-26.7×2.87mm (3/4″ SCH40/STD) — lihlalutya imeko yesicelo sabo sehlabathi liphela ligxile ekusetyenzisweni kokugqibela kwimarike yaseBrazil. Amashishini eoyile negesi, i-petrochemical, kunye namandla aseBrazil avelisa imfuno eqinileyo yale nkcazo, ngakumbi kwiityhubhu zezixhobo, ukulandelela umphunga, kunye noqhagamshelo lwe-heat exchanger. Nangona kunjalo, abathengisi baseTshayina bajongene nomsebenzi wokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma we-USD 743 ngetoni nganye, okufuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo lokungena kwimarike.
I. Isishwankathelo seMveliso
I-ASTM A106 Gr.Byinkcazo yombhobho wentsimbi yekhabhoni engenamthungo phantsi komgangatho we-American Society for Testing and Materials wenkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu. Ibanga B lelona banga lichazwe kakhulu, linika indibaniselwano elinganayo yamandla kunye nokudityaniswa. Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lweekhemikhali: C 0.17–0.24%, Si 0.17–0.37%, Mn 0.35–0.65%, kunye ne-P kunye ne-S zombini ≤0.030%. Iimpawu zoomatshini ziquka amandla okutsalwa angama-410–550 MPa, inqanaba lokukhupha eliyi-245 MPa, ukunwebeka kwe-24%, kunye nobubanzi bobushushu benkonzo obuyi-−29°C ukuya kwi-425°C.
Zombini iinkcukacha ziwela ngaphakathi koluhlu oluncinci lwe-ASME B36.10M:
| Inkcazo | Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo | Ishedyuli | Ubunzima bethiyori |
| 21.3×2.77 mm | 1/2″ (DN15) | I-SCH40 / STD | ~1.27 kg/m |
| 26.7×2.87 mm | 3/4″ (DN20) | I-SCH40 / STD | ~1.68 kg/m |
Ezi zezona zikhulu zepayipi zincinci ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiinkqubo zepayipi zenkqubo, ezifakwe ngokuxinana kwimigca yezixhobo, imigca yesampulu, umkhondo womphunga, kunye nepayipi yenkqubo yokuhamba kancinci. Ababoneleli baseBrazil badwelisa i-21.3×2.77mm njengemveliso eqhelekileyo yeemitha ezi-6 ubude enobunzima obuyi-7.6 kg ngesiqwenga ngasinye, kunye ne-26.7×2.87mm njengombhobho we-SCH40 oyi-3/4″ kwi-1.68 kg/m.
II. IiMarike zeZicelo zeHlabathi
Umbhobho we-A106 Gr.BIsebenza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamashishini: ukuhanjiswa kweoyile negesi, iinkqubo zemidiya yamakhemikhali, imibhobho yebhoyila yezityalo zamandla, kunye nokuveliswa koomatshini, ukuya kufikelela kwizakhiwo zentsimbi zokwakha, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, iibhulorho, izixhobo zamandla omoya, iifektri zamaphepha, ifriji, ukucubungula ukutya, kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Ngokwemeko esebenzayo:
Iipayipi zenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu, ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Le yeyona ndlela iphambili yokusebenza. Umgangatho ujolise ngokucacileyo kwinkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya imigca yomphunga, iiyunithi zokucoca, iinkqubo zebhoyila kunye ne-superheater, kunye nezixhobo zokucubungula i-petrochemical. Ubukhulu be-1/2″ kunye ne-3/4″ ngokuyintloko busebenza njengemigca ye-instrument impulse, i-steam tracing, imigca yesampulu, kunye nepayipi yesebe elihamba kancinci kwiinkqubo ezinjalo.
Iipayipi ezincedisayo kwimisebenzi yeoyile negesi. Ngelixa uthumelo olude lulawulwa yiI-API 5L, I-A106 Gr.B isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimigca yokuqokelela intsimi, uqhagamshelo lwentloko yemithombo, kunye nemibhobho yokucoca ngaphakathi kwisityalo. Idatha yorhwebo ibonisa umbhobho ongenamthungo we-21.3mm OD × 2.77mm WT olungiselelwe ngokukodwa imibhobho yeoyile negesi, ngokuqhelekileyo ubude bayo buziimitha ezi-6.
Ukudluliselwa kolwelo oluqhelekileyo kwimizi-mveliso. Kwiindawo zokulungisa amachiza, amayeza, kunye nokutya, umbhobho we-A106 onobubanzi obuncinci uphatha amanzi, igesi, kunye neendaba zamachiza, ngamanye amaxesha ugqunywe ngengubo yangaphandle yokumelana nokugqwala.
Ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo kunye noomatshini. Umbhobho omncinci ongenamthungo usetyenziswa kwimigca ye-hydraulic, imikhono yokuthwala, kunye nezixhobo zokuhlola i-geological, ezifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye neempawu zoomatshini ezihambelanayo.
III. Uhlalutyo lweMarike yaseBrazil
3.1 Ulungelelwaniso lweMigangatho
Imigangatho yobugcisa yaseBrazil igcina ukuhambelana okucacileyo nemigaqo ye-ASTM. I-Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) ikhuphe i-NBR 6321, elingana ne-ASTM A106, ngokukodwa kumbhobho wentsimbi yekhabhoni engenamthungo kwinkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu; i-NBR 5590 ilingana neI-ASTM A53yokuhambisa ulwelo ngokubanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umbhobho we-A106 Gr.B uhambelana ngokwetekhnoloji nesakhelo semigangatho yasekhaya yaseBrazil ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okanye ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona.
Abasasazi baseBrazil bayichaza ngokucacileyo indawo ebekwe kuyo i-A106. I-Tubonasa, umsasazi weepayipi oseSão Paulo, ithi i-A106 ihlala "ngaphakathi kwisityalo" - imigca yomphunga, iiyunithi zokucoca, kunye neepayipi zenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu - ngelixa i-API 5L ilawula iipayipi zothutho ezikude. Le migangatho mibini isebenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwaye ayitshintshi.
3.2 Amacandelo aPhambili oSetyenziso
IBrazil, njengenye yezona mveliso zinkulu zeoyile negesi eLatin America, inecandelo layo le-petrochemical, i-refine, kunye ne-power areas njengezona ndawo ziphambili zemfuno yombhobho we-A106 Gr.B onobubanzi obuncinci. Isekelwe kwimithombo yoshishino lwaseBrazil:
Iifektri zokucoca kunye nezityalo zepetrochemical. Umbhobho we-A106 Gr.B usetyenziswa kwimigca yenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu, uqhagamshelo lwe-heat exchanger, iinkqubo zokusasazwa komphunga, kunye nemibhobho ye-condenser ngaphakathi kweendawo zokucoca. Iirekhodi zokuthengwa kwePetrobras zibonisa umbhobho ongenamthungo we-A106-B ochazwe kwiinkqubo zenkqubo yokucoca, kunye neeparamitha zoyilo olucacileyo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Ubukhulu be-21.3mm kunye ne-26.7mm busebenza kwimigca yezixhobo kunye nemibhobho encedisayo - iphantsi kwiyunithi kodwa iphezulu kuxinano lokuthunyelwa, nto leyo eyenza imfuno yomgangatho ofanelekileyo.
Iinkqubo zamandla kunye neebhoyila. Izitishi zamandla ezisebenzisa umbane kunye nobushushu eBrazil zifuna umbhobho omkhulu wentsimbi yekhabhoni engenamthungo obushushu obuphezulu kwiinkqubo zamanzi okusela ebhoyila, imigca yomphunga, kunye neesekethe ze-condenser. Uluhlu lwenkonzo ye-A106 Gr.B oluqala kwi-−29°C ukuya kwi-425°C lugubungela ngokupheleleyo iimeko zokusebenza kwenkqubo yebhoyila.
Iikhemikhali kunye namayeza. Kwimizi-mveliso yamachiza kunye namayeza eBrazil, umbhobho we-A106 onobubanzi obuncinci uphatha ukudluliselwa kolwelo olucocekileyo kakhulu, uqhagamshelo lwe-reactor, kunye neentambo zombane. Ulwakhiwo olungenamthungo luyathandwa apho kufuneka ubuthambileyo bangaphakathi kunye nokungabikho kwemithungo ye-weld.
Ishishini ngokubanzi kunye neziseko zophuhliso. Iinethiwekhi zokusasazwa kwegesi zikamasipala, imigca yomphunga kunye namanzi ashushu kwizityalo zokutya neziselo, kunye nemibhobho yokujikeleza kwamanzi ashushu ye-HVAC nazo zivelisa imfuno eqhubekayo yombhobho we-A106 onobubanzi obuncinci.
3.3 Imeko yoRhwebo lokuNgenisa ngaphandle
IBrazil lilizwe elithengisa kakhulu iipayipi zentsimbi ezingenamthungo. Ngokwedatha yeWorld Bank WITS, ukungeniswa kweepayipi ezingenamthungo eBrazil ngo-2023 (HS 7304) kufikelele kwixabiso elimalunga ne-USD 157 yezigidi, elimalunga neetoni ezili-157,000 (zonke ububanzi kunye neendidi).
Nangona kunjalo, abathengisi baseTshayina bajongene nomqobo omkhulu kurhwebo. Ngomhla wama-24 kuJulayi 2023, iKhomishini yoRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe yaseBrazil (i-GECEX) ikhuphe iSigqibo Nombolo 497, esiqhubeka nerhafu yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma kumbhobho wentsimbi yekhabhoni ongenamthungo ovela eTshayina (ububanzi obungaphandle ≤5 intshi/141.3mm, kwimibhobho yeoyile negesi, ikhowudi yerhafu yeMercosur 7304.19.00) ngesantya se-USD 743.00 ngetoni kangangeminyaka emihlanu. Eli nqanaba lerhafu libeka uxinzelelo olukhulu lweendleko kumbhobho we-21.3mm kunye ne-26.7mm A106 Gr.B. Ngokuchasene noluhlu lwamaxabiso olubhekiselelweyo luka-2026 oluyi-USD 750–1,150 ngetoni kumbhobho we-A106 Gr.B ongenamthungo, irhafu yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma imele umthwalo weendleko owongezelelweyo we-65–99%.
Okuphawulekayo kukuba, indlela yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma igubungela ngokucacileyo umbhobho wentsimbi yekhabhoni ongenamthungo one-OD ≤5 intshi (141.3mm) yokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yeoyile negesi. Zombini iinkcukacha ze-21.3mm kunye ne-26.7mm ziwela ngqo kweli candelo. NgoJulayi 2026, iBrazil yaqalisa uphando oluchasene nokulahla inkunkuma kumbhobho wentsimbi yekhabhoni odibeneyo ovela eTshayina (iikhowudi zerhafu zeMercosur 7305.11.00 kunye ne-7305.12.00), nangona oku kujolise kwimveliso edibeneyo endaweni yemveliso engenamthungo. Le ndlela isabonisa ukuqina kweendlela zorhwebo nxamnye neemveliso zemibhobho yentsimbi yaseTshayina.
IV. Ukusetyenziswa Okuphambili eBrazil (Umbono Omncinci)
Ngokudibanisa isakhelo semigangatho yaseBrazil, idatha yesicelo soshishino, kunye neempawu zorhwebo lokungenisa impahla, imibhobho engenamthungo ye-21.3×2.77mm kunye ne-26.7×2.87mm A106 Gr.B isebenza kwezi ndlela zilandelayo zokusetyenziswa xa kuthunyelwa eBrazil:
Imigca yezixhobo kunye neesampuli. Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimibhobho engenamthungo enobubanzi obuncinci kwiindawo zokucocisa izinto zaseBrazil, kwizityalo zepetrochemical, nakwizibonelelo zokucubungula igesi yendalo yimigca yesampulu ye-instrument impulse kunye ne-process sampling. Ezi ziqhagamshelwa ngqo kwi-pressure transmitters, ii-flow meter, kunye ne-intanethi analyzers, ezifuna iindawo zangaphakathi ezicocekileyo, ubukhulu obuchanekileyo, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. I-21.3mm kunye ne-26.7mm zezona zikhulu zimbini ziqhelekileyo kwimibhobho yezixhobo.
Ukulandelela nokusasazwa komphunga. Izakhiwo zaseBrazil zepetrochemical kunye nezokucoca zisebenzisa kakhulu ukulandelela umphunga ukuthintela ukuba imidiya yenkqubo ingaqini okanye iqine. Umbhobho we-A106 onobubanzi obuncinci usebenza njengamasebe okusasaza kunye nemigca yokubuyisela i-condensate, kunye nobukhulu bomthamo obuhambelana nobukhulu besityalo.
Uqhagamshelo lwe-heat exchanger kunye ne-condenser. Ii-heat exchangers, ii-condenser, kunye nee-reboilers kwicandelo lamandla kunye neekhemikhali zaseBrazil zihlala zisebenzisa umbhobho ongenamthungo we-A106 Gr.B omncinci ubukhulu bawo kwiisebe zamanzi okupholisa, uqhagamshelo lokungena ngomphunga, kunye neendawo zokukhupha i-condensate.
Iinkqubo zoncedo nezokuncedisa. Imigca yomoya ecinezelweyo, imibhobho ye-nitrogen, amasebe okusasaza umphunga, kunye namasebe esiphelo senkqubo yamanzi omlilo kwizityalo zoshishino zaseBrazil adla ngokusebenzisa umbhobho we-A106 Gr.B oyi-1/2″ kunye no-3/4″. Ezi zicelo zinobuzwe kwixabiso kodwa zifuna ukuthotyelwa koxinzelelo olusisiseko kunye nokumelana nobushushu, apho umlinganiselo weendleko nokusebenza kwe-A106 Gr.B uluncedo.
V. Imingeni yeMarike kunye neZinto eziQwalaselweyo
Impembelelo yeendleko zemirhumo yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma. Umrhumo wokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma we-USD 743/tonne ubeka umbhobho omncinci waseTshayina i-A106 kwingxaki enkulu yexabiso elifikelelweyo xa kuthelekiswa nemveliso yasekhaya yaseBrazil okanye ukungeniswa kwayo evela eRomania (ixabiso lomrhumo yi-USD 75.11/tonne). Kwiinkcazo zobukhulu obuncinci ezinexabiso eliphantsi leyunithi, umrhumo umele inani eliphezulu lexabiso lemveliso, nto leyo enciphisa ukhuphiswano lwamaxabiso ngokungalinganiyo.
Isiqinisekiso kunye nokuthobela imithetho. IBrazil ifuna isiqinisekiso se-INMETRO kwiimveliso zepayipi yentsimbi. Ipayipi ye-A106 Gr.B ethengiswa eBrazil kufuneka ihambelane neemfuno zokumakisha ze-NBR 6321, kubandakanya igama lomenzi okanye uphawu lorhwebo, ukuchonga kwe-API Spec 5L okusebenzayo, kunye nophawu lwesiqinisekiso se-INMETRO. Abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka baqinisekise amaxwebhu apheleleyo emveliso, izatifikethi zezinto, kunye neengxelo zokuhlolwa komntu wesithathu ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulibaziseka kwerhafu.
Iingcebiso zesicwangciso seChannel. Ngenxa yomthwalo wemfanelo yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma, abathengisi baseTshayina banokucinga: (1) ukuseka ubudlelwane bexesha elide nabasasazi baseBrazil ukuze basebenzise uluhlu lwempahla lwasekhaya kunye neenethiwekhi zabathengi ukuze kwabelwane ngeendleko; (2) ukuphonononga amacandelo esicelo esingesiso ioyile negesi (ishishini ngokubanzi, ulwakhiwo, ukucubungula ukutya) anokuwa phantsi kohlulo olwahlukeneyo lwerhafu; (3) ukulandelela ixesha lokuhlolwa kokutshona kwelanga ngokuchasene nokulahla inkunkuma (indlela yangoku isebenza ukuya kuthi ga ngoJulayi 2028) ukuze kufunyanwe ixesha lokungena kwimarike.
VI. Isiphelo
Iinkcukacha ze-21.3×2.77mm kunye ne-26.7×2.87mm phantsi kwe-ASTM A106 Gr.B zibonelela ngemibhobho yenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu, imigca yezixhobo, kunye nezicelo zokudlulisa ulwelo lwemizi-mveliso kwihlabathi liphela. IBrazil igcina imfuno yesakhiwo sale milinganiselo, iqhutywa ikakhulu yityhubhu yezixhobo, ukulandelela umphunga, kunye noqhagamshelo lwe-heat exchanger kumacandelo okucoca, i-petrochemical, kunye namandla. Ngobuchwephesha, ukulingana phakathi kwe-A106 kunye ne-NBR 6321 yaseBrazil kususa imiqobo yemigangatho; nangona kunjalo, urhwebo, umsebenzi wokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma ye-USD 743/tonne ubeka umqobo omkhulu kwimveliso yaseTshayina. Abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka balinganise iindleko zokuthobela imithetho, icebo letshaneli, kunye nokubekwa kwemveliso ukuze bafumane inxaxheba ezinzileyo kwimarike yaseBrazil.
Ixesha leposi: Oktobha-15-2026
