Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ulwazi oluthe kratya, olufana neekowuteshini, iimveliso, izisombululo, njl.njl., pqeshisanxibelelana nathi kwi-intanethi.
1. Ulwahlulo lweenkcukacha
| Into | Umxholo | Ingcaciso |
|---|---|---|
| I-GOST 8732-78 | Uluhlu lobukhulu kunye nomgangatho woluhlu lweemibhobho zentsimbi ezingenamthungo ezishushu | Ichaza ububanzi bangaphandle, ubukhulu bodonga, ubude, njl. Isebenza kwiipayipi ezingenamthungo eziveliswa yi-hot rolling (i-hot deformation). Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwe-OD: 32-426 mm; ubukhulu bodonga njengoko kufuneka. |
| I-GOST 8731-74 | Imigangatho yeemeko zobugcisa kwimibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo eshushu | Icacisa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, iimpawu zoomatshini, iindlela zovavanyo, imithetho yokuhlola, njl. Le migangatho mibini mayisetyenziswe kunye ukwenza iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zemveliso. |
| 30KhGSA (30ХГСA) | I-alloy yaseRussia yesakhiwo sentsimbi yesakhiwo | Intsimbi ye-alloy yekhabhoni ephakathi enamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okuhle. Isetyenziswa koomatshini, kushishino lomkhosi, kwi-aerospace, njl.njl. |
| B | Ukuchazwa kombhobho "weklasi" | Amanqaku kwinqanaba kwinkqubo esemgangathweni yaseRashiya (efana nePSL1). Iimfuno ezithile kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ngamaxwebhu obugcisa kunye neenkcukacha zeodolo. |
2. Umgangatho kunye nezinto ezilinganayo zaseTshayina
Izinto ezilinganayo ngqo: 30CrMnSiA (GB/T 3077 – Intsimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy)
Zilingana ngokupheleleyo kwaye zinokuthathwa njengezinto ezifanayo. Uthelekiso lokwakheka kweekhemikhali:
| I-elementi | 30KhGSA (30ХГСA) | 30CrMnSiA | Phawula |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | 0.27 – 0.34 | 0.27 – 0.34 | Ikhabhoni ephakathi |
| Si | 0.90 – 1.20 | 0.90 – 1.20 | — |
| Mn | 0.80 – 1.10 | 0.80 – 1.10 | — |
| Cr | 0.80 – 1.10 | 0.80 – 1.10 | Iphucula ukuqina |
| S | ≤ 0.025 | ≤ 0.025 | — |
| P | ≤ 0.025 | ≤ 0.025 | — |
Iimpawu zoomatshini ezibhekiselele kuzo:
Amandla okutsalwa: ≥ 420 MPa
Amandla okuvelisa: ≥ 235 MPa
Ukwandiswa: ≥ 24%
Ukuqina kwempembelelo: ≥ 35 J/cm²
Ubunzima: ≤ 207 HB
3. Ukutolikwa okuqhelekileyo
I-GOST 8732-78
Uluhlu lobukhulu: OD 32 – 426 mm, ubukhulu bodonga 2.5 – 75 mm (eminye imithombo ibonisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-75 mm)
Ubude: Ngokwesiqhelo yi-4.0 - 12.5 m
Iindidi zentsimbi ezisebenzayo: Zombini iintsimbi zekhabhoni kunye neze-alloy (umz., intsimbi ye-alloy 12Kh1MF, njl.njl.)
GI-OST 8731-74
Ububanzi: Imibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo eshushu engasebenzi kakuhle eyenziwe ngeentsimbi zekhabhoni kunye ne-alloy
Umxholo ophambili: Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, iimpawu zoomatshini, iindlela zovavanyo, imithetho yokuhlola, iimfuno zonyango lobushushu, njl. Kufuneka zisetyenziswe kunye neGOST 8732-78
4. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwimveliso
Le nto yenziwe ngentsimbi ye-carbon alloy ephakathi efuna ulawulo olungqongqo lwenkqubo. Nika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
4.1 Ulawulo lweMpahla eluhlaza
Iibhilethi mazibe zenziwe ngeentyatyambo ezingqukuva zentsimbi eyolukiweyo. Hlola ngokungqongqo ukwakheka kweekhemikhali ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezisemgangathweni (i-S kunye ne-P ephantsi ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqhekeka).
Khetha iibhilethi ezivela kwiifektri ezinkulu ezinamava entsimbi ye-alloy (umz., iBaosteel, iValin Steel, iHengyang) ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wangaphakathi (umxholo wegesi ophantsi, izinto ezimbalwa ezifakiweyo).
4.2 Ulawulo lobushushu bokufudumeza
Ubushushu bokufudumeza ii-billets: 1150 – 1250 °C; qinisekisa ubushushu obufanayo ukusuka embindini ukuya kumphezulu ukuze uphephe ukutshisa kakhulu okanye ukufudumeza ngaphantsi.
Lawula ngokungqongqo ixesha lokufudumeza kunye nomoya ukuze uthintele ukubola komphezulu (kuchaphazela ubulukhuni kunye namandla omphezulu).
4.3 Ulawulo lokuguquka nokwakheka
Lawula ukufana kobukhulu bodonga ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-OD kunye nokunyamezela kobukhulu bodonga ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ezisemgangathweni.
Kwinkqubo yokubhoboza, sebenzisa i-reduction encinci ngaphambi kweplagi ukuze uphephe iziphene zangaphakathi ezifana nokuqhekeka okanye ukuqhekeka.
4.4 Unyango Lobushushu (Lubalulekile!)
I-30KhGSA yintsimbi ecinyiweyo neqinisiweyo yekhabhoni ephakathi – kufuneka icinywe + iqiniswe ukuze ifumane iimpawu ezifunekayo. Emva kokucinywa nokuqiniswe, ibonisa amandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okwaneleyo. Iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo zonyango lobushushu: ukucima kwi-880 °C, ukupholisa ioyile; ukupholisa kwi-540 °C, ukupholisa amanzi okanye ioyile. Iimpawu zoomatshini emva konyango lobushushu kufuneka zivavanywe ngokungqongqo ngokomgangatho.
4.5 Uhlolo loMgangatho
Uvavanyo olungonakalisiyo: Ngokweemfuno, umbhobho ngamnye kufuneka uhlolwe ngovavanyo lwe-ultrasonic (UT) okanye lwe-eddy current (ET).
Uvavanyo lweempawu zoomatshini: Iisampulu mazithathwe ngebhetshi nganye ukuze kuvavanywe ukuxinana, ukuchatshazelwa, ukucaba/ukugoba.
Ukuhlolwa kobukhulu kunye nokubonakalayo: Umbhobho ngamnye uhlolwe i-OD, ubukhulu bodonga, ubude, umgangatho womphezulu, i-bevel yesiphelo, njl.njl.
5. Izicelo kunye neemfuno zokuthumela ngaphandle
Iipayipi ezingenamthungo zale nto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-aerospace, kwimveliso yemikhosi, kubunjineli bemishini (izicelo ezinamandla aphezulu), kunye neeshafts ezithwala imithwalo enzima, iigiya, ii-compressor blades, njl.
Xa kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eRashiya, kufuneka kuthotyelwe uMgaqo-nkqubo woBugcisa we-Eurasian Customs Union TR CU 032/2013 (uKhuseleko lweZixhobo zoXinzelelo). Kucetyiswa ukuba kuqinisekiswe iimfuno zesatifikethi se-EAC kumthengi kwangaphambili kwaye kufakwe inkxaso yobugcisa efanelekileyo kwikowuteshini.
Ukuba umthengi unikezela ngenqanaba lentsimbi kunye nomgangatho kuphela ngaphandle kokuchaza i-OD, ubukhulu bodonga, ubude kunye nobungakanani, cela olu lwazi kuqala ngaphambi kokuba ucaphule ukuze uphephe iingozi zokusebenza ezilandelayo.
Xa uphendula, khankanya amanqaku abalulekileyo anjengokungadibani kakuhle kwezixhobo kunye nesatifikethi se-EAC ukubonisa ubungcali.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-01-2026
