2021, siqhubeke nokuqinisa utshintsho lweshishini lemibhobho yentsimbi elisecaleni lokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwilizwe lethu, sikhuthaze utshintsho oluluhlaza olunekhabhoni ephantsi, kunye notshintsho olukhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino welizwe, siphumeze amandla okulawula, siphumeze, siphelise zonke izaphulelo zerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle kwentsimbi, phantsi kwemvelaphi yokufezekisa ikhabhoni ephindwe kabini, sijongane nemeko etshintshayo yemfuno ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, sizame ukoyisa ubunzima obukhulu bexabiso lezinto zokuqala, ukucocwa kokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezifana neendleko zokunyuka okukhulu, ukufezekiswa kophuhliso lomgangatho ophezulu "lokunciphisa ubungakanani kunye nokuphucula umgangatho", ukusebenza ngokubanzi kweshishini kuzinzile, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zentsimbi zoshishino ezisezantsi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba uqoqosho lwesizwe luyaqhubeka nokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kube negalelo elihle.

1 Ukuveliswa kwemibhobho yentsimbi kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo eTshayina

Ngokwedatha yokuveliswa kwemibhobho edibeneyo epapashwe yi-National Bureau of Statistics kunye neSebe leepayipi zentsimbi ngokusekelwe kwidatha yokuveliswa kwamashishini angamalungu ukuze kuqikelelwe idatha yokuveliswa kwemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuDisemba 2021, imveliso yemibhobho yentsimbi yesizwe yeetoni ezingama-853.62 ezigidi, yehle nge-3.66%; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo bekuyi-78,811,600 yeetoni, yehle nge-4.33% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ukuveliswa kwemibhobho edibeneyo yeetoni ezingama-58.832 ezigidi, yehle nge-3.57% ngonyaka; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo bekuyi-55.2763 ezigidi zeetoni, yehle nge-4.07% ngonyaka. Ukuveliswa okuqikelelweyo kwemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo yi-26.80.00 ezigidi zeetoni, yehle nge-3.86% ngonyaka; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo bekuyi-23.5353 ezigidi zeetoni, kunye nokwehla konyaka nge-4.93%. Kuyabonakala ukuba ngo-2021, umbhobho wentsimbi waseTshayina, umbhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo, imveliso yemibhobho edityanisiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwehla unyaka nonyaka. Imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwemibhobho yentsimbi eTshayina ngo-2020-2021 kuboniswe kwiTheyibhile 1 kunye noMfanekiso 1.

Ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwedatha yezibalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kweshishini leepayipi zentsimbi laseTshayina kwisiqingatha sokuqala sowama-2021, kodwa ukukhula kwemveliso kubonakala kuncinci, xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso e-ore yentsimbi yamazwe ngamazwe anyuke kakhulu ngoMeyi, amaxabiso eepayipi, iipleyiti anyuke kakhulu, nto leyo eye yatyhala amaxabiso entsimbi anyuke kakhulu, kodwa oku kuthenga impembelelo enkulu kushishino olusezantsi, kwenza imfuno ibe buthathaka. Ukongeza, imeko yeshishini lentsimbi yokunciphisa iimfuno zemveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza, nayo yachaphazela amanye amashishini, kangangokuba ngo-2021, imveliso yeepayipi zentsimbi yaseTshayina yayiluluhlu oluthile lokwehla.

2. Amaxabiso eepayipi zentsimbi eTshayina

Ukususela ngoNovemba ka-2020, ngenxa yokunyuka okukhulu kwamaxabiso ezinto eziphambili ezikrwada ezifana ne-iron ore, amaxabiso e-billet kunye ne-strip steel eTshayina anyuswe kakhulu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2-3, kunye namaxabiso emibhobho yentsimbi.

图

Ixabiso lombhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo, umbhobho odibeneyo kunye nombhobho we-galvanized eTshayina ukususela ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2021 liboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Phakathi kwazo, ixabiso le-φ 219 mm×10 mm leenkcazo zombhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo linyuke ngokukhawuleza ukususela ngoNovemba 2020, ixabiso linyuke ukusuka kwi-4645 yuan ukuya kwi-6638 yuan ngoMeyi 2021 (lixabiso eliphakamileyo ukusukela ngo-2008), linyuke phantse yi-2000 yuan, linyuke nge-42.9%; Emva kukaMeyi 2021, ixabiso libuyele kwi-6,160 yuan ngoJulayi, lehla phantse yi-500 yuan, laza lanyuka laya kwi-6,636 yuan ngo-Okthobha (elesibini liphezulu), laza lawela kwi-5,931 yuan ngoDisemba. Ixabiso belisoloko litshintshatshintsha kwinqanaba eliphezulu ukusukela ekuqaleni konyaka.

Unyaka ka-2021 ngowona nyaka ubalaseleyo kushishino lwentsimbi eTshayina ukusukela ngo-2008, kunye neenzuzo zoshishino eziphuculwe kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, njengenye yeemveliso zoshishino lwentsimbi nentsimbi, umbhobho wentsimbi awukaphuculwa kangako njengepleyiti, i-bar, ucingo kunye neprofayili. Izizathu zezi zilandelayo: okokuqala, nangona ixabiso lombhobho wentsimbi linyuke kakhulu, ixabiso lombhobho wentsimbi alikanyuki ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngenxa yempembelelo yexabiso eliphantsi leoyile kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lokubhida lombhobho we-oyile. Ixabiso lombhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo, i-galvanized sheet, i-hot rolled sheet kunye ne-rebar eTshayina ukususela ngo-Epreli 2020 ukuya kuJanuwari 2022 liboniswe kuMfanekiso 5. Kuyabonakala ukuba ixabiso le-galvanized sheet ngo-2021 liphezulu kakhulu kunele-seamless steel tube 300 ~ 750 yuan, kwaye ixabiso leentlobo ezimbini kwiminyaka ethile liphezulu kwaye liphantsi, ngokubanzi litshintshatshintsha malunga ne-200 yuan. Okwesibini, ngenxa yokunyuka okukhulu kwamaxabiso ezinto eziluhlaza kunye nezinto ezincedisayo, umahluko wamaxabiso phakathi kombhobho wentsimbi kunye ne-billet uhlala kwinqanaba lika-2020, kwaye umda wenzuzo yeemveliso awukaphuculwa kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, amashishini okuvelisa imibhobho yeoli, achaphazeleka lixabiso eliphantsi leoyile kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lokubhida lombhobho weoli, ulawulo lwamashishini lunzima, uninzi lwamashishini lusemngciphekweni wenzuzo encinci okanye ilahleko, amashishini ngamanye asalahlekelwa.

Ngowama-2021, nangona urhulumente etshintshe kabini isaphulelo serhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle kweemveliso zentsimbi, ukuze izinga lesaphulelo serhafu libuyele kwi-0, kodwa umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle weepayipi zentsimbi awuncitshiswanga kodwa unyukile. Izizathu eziphambili zezi zilandelayo: okokuqala, ngenxa yempembelelo ye-COVID-19, amanye amashishini eepayipi zentsimbi zangaphandle awazange aqalise ngokupheleleyo ukuvelisa, kwaye imakethi ibisoloko ingekho ixesha elide, kwaye amaxabiso eepayipi zentsimbi zamazwe ngamazwe anyuke kakhulu (amaxabiso ezinye iimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle aphezulu kunalawo asekhaya); Okwesibini, amashishini athumela ngaphandle akhathazekile ngamazwe alandelayo okunyusa irhafu kwiimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ngoko ke yandisa, ikhawulezise amandla okuthumela ngaphandle, umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle kwikota yesine wanda kakhulu. NgoDisemba ka-2021, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweepayipi zentsimbi eTshayina bekuyi-160.44% yomndilili weenyanga ezili-11 ezidlulileyo. Ngokukodwa, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweetyhubhu zentsimbi ezingenamthungo ngoDisemba bekuyi-531,000 yeetoni, i-203.92 yepesenti yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle okuqhelekileyo kweetoni ezingama-260,400 kwiinyanga ezili-11 zokuqala. Le ndlela iqhubekile ukuya kwikota yokuqala ka-2022.

3.2 Izinto eziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle

Ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs yaseTshayina, ukuthunyelwa kwepayipi yentsimbi engenamthungo eTshayina ngo-2021 kwafikelela kwiitoni eziyi-3.3952 ezigidi, ukukhula konyaka nonyaka kwe-3.79%. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthunyelwa kwepayipi engenamthungo kwafikelela kwiitoni eziyi-1.2743 ezigidi, kwehle nge-9.60% ngonyaka; Ityhubhu yeoyile engenamthungo ithumela iitoni ezingama-906,200, kwenyuka nge-2.81% ngonyaka; Ityhubhu yebhoyila engenamthungo ithumela iitoni ezili-151,800, kwehle nge-15.22% ngonyaka; Ukuthunyelwa kwepayipi yepayipi enemthungo kwafikelela kwiitoni ezingama-757,700, kwehle nge-9.16% ngonyaka; Ukuthunyelwa kwepayipi yepayipi enemthungo edibeneyo kwafikelela kwiitoni eziyi-1,325,400, kwenyuka nge-4.41% ngonyaka. Ngowama-2021, ngenxa yempembelelo yobhubhane we-COVID-19 kwihlabathi liphela kunye nezaphulelo zerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle kwelizwe, umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle kweentlobo ezintathu eziphambili zaseTshayina zepayipi engenamthungo, ipayipi yebhoyila engenamthungo kunye nepayipi edibeneyo wehle kakhulu. Jonga iTheyibhile 3 kunye noMfanekiso 7 wokuthumela ngaphandle kweentlobo eziphambili zepayipi yentsimbi eTshayina ngo-2020-2021.

3. Ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle imibhobho yentsimbi eTshayina

3.1 Umthamo kunye nexabiso lokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle

Ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs, ngo-2021, ukungeniswa kwepayipi yentsimbi eTshayina yeetoni ezingama-349,600, kwehle nge-7.21%; Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokungenisa yayiyi-$3824 /t, lenyuke nge-12.71% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ukungeniswa kwetyhubhu yentsimbi engenamthungo ye-130,500 t, kwehle nge-13.80%; Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokungenisa yayiyi-$5769 /t, lenyuke nge-13.32% ngonyaka. Ukungeniswa kwepayipi edibeneyo yeetoni ezingama-219,100, kwehle nge-2.80%; Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokungenisa yayiyi-$2671 /t, lenyuke nge-18.31% ngonyaka. Ngo-2021, iTshayina ithumele ngaphandle iitoni ezizigidi ezi-7.17 zeetyhubhu zentsimbi, lenyuke nge-4.19% ngonyaka; Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuthumela ngaphandle yayiyi-$1542 /t, lenyuke nge-36.5% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ityhubhu yentsimbi engenamthungo ithumela ngaphandle iitoni ezizizigidi ezi-3.3952, inyuke nge-3.79%; Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuthumela ngaphandle yayiyi-$1,508 /t, inyuke nge-23.67% unyaka nonyaka. Umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle wepayipi edibeneyo yayiyi-3.7748 yezigidi zeetoni, inyuke nge-4.55% unyaka nonyaka; Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuthumela ngaphandle yayiyi-$1573 ​​/t, inyuke nge-49.99% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, umthamo wokungenisa wepayipi yentsimbi eTshayina yi-0.41% kuphela yemveliso yepayipi yentsimbi, ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle lepayipi edibeneyo liphezulu kunepayipi yentsimbi engenamthungo okokuqala. Jonga iTheyibhile 2 kunye noMfanekiso 6 womthamo wokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nenxalenye yepayipi yentsimbi eTshayina ngo-2020-2021.

3.3 Amazwe Angenisa Nathumela Ngaphandle

Ngowama-2021, amazwe ali-10 aphezulu athumela ngaphandle imibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo eTshayina yiSouth Korea, iIndiya, i-United Arab Emirates, iAlgeria, iThailand, iOman, iIndonesia, iTurkey, iVietnam, iOstreliya, Amazwe ali-10 aphezulu athumela ngaphandle imibhobho yentsimbi edityanisiweyo yiPhilippines, iNigeria, iMyanmar, iOstreliya, iSouth Korea, iPeru, iChile, iIndonesia, iSingapore neKhanada. Amazwe athunyelwa ngaphandle imibhobho yentsimbi eTshayina agxile kakhulu kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia, kuMbindi Mpuma nakwezinye iindawo, phakathi kwawo uMzantsi-mpuma weAsia, iGulf kunye nezinye iindawo zibiza ngaphezulu kwama-40% eempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eTshayina. Ngelixa eYurophu, uMntla Melika, ungomnye wabathengi abaphambili bentsimbi, kodwa ukusukela kwingxaki yemali yehlabathi ngo-2008, lo mmandla uyaqhubeka nokuqalisa uphando lonyango lorhwebo lwemibhobho yentsimbi kwilizwe lethu, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okwangoku kummandla wetyhubhu yentsimbi kubiza ngaphantsi kwe-6%, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okukhulu eTshayina iintlobo ezimbini (ityhubhu yeoyile, umbhobho womgca) phantse kufikelele kula mazwe nakwiindawo. Umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwepayipi yentsimbi yaseTshayina ngokwelizwe okanye ummandla ngo-2020-2021 uboniswe kuMfanekiso 8.