2021, ukuqhubeka nzulu uhlaziyo kwicala lonikezelo kushishino umbhobho yentsimbi kwilizwe lethu, ukukhuthaza uhlaza ephantsi carbon inguqu kushishino, kunye notshintsho olukhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo welizwe, ukuphumeza umthamo ukulawula, imveliso, aphelise zonke isaphulelo irhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle intsimbi, phantsi kwemvelaphi yokuphumeza carbon kabini, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ukutshintsha imeko zombini ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukuzama ukoyisa ixabiso impahla original ezifana nokunyuka kwexabiso lezinto ezinqabileyo ezifana nokunyuka kwexabiso lobunzima obuphezulu kunye nobunzima obuphezulu, i-digestion kunye nobunzima obuphezulu. ukufezekiswa “kokunciphisa ubungakanani kunye nokuphucula umgangatho” wophuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu, ukusebenza ngokubanzi kolu shishino kuzinzile, ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yentsimbi yoshishino olusezantsi nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka ukubuyiswa koqoqosho lwesizwe kube negalelo elihle.

1 Ukuveliswa kombhobho wensimbi kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo eChina

Ngokutsho kwedatha yemveliso yombhobho odityanisiweyo epapashwe yi-National Bureau of Statistics kunye neSebe lombhobho wentsimbi esekelwe kwidatha yemveliso yamashishini angamalungu ukuqikelela idatha yemveliso yombhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuDisemba 2021, imveliso yesizwe yombhobho wentsimbi ye-853,62 yezigidi zeetoni, phantsi kwe-3.66%; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwakuyi-78,811,600 yeetoni, phantsi kwe-4.33% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ukuveliswa kwemibhobho edityanisiweyo yeetoni ezizigidi ezingama-58.832, ehle nge-3.57% unyaka nonyaka; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwakuyi-55.2763 yezigidi zeetoni, phantsi kwe-4.07% ngonyaka. Imveliso eqikelelweyo ye-tube yensimbi engenamthungo yi-26.80.00 yezigidi zeetoni, phantsi kwe-3.86% ngonyaka; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwakuyi-23.5353 yezigidi zeetoni, kunye nokuhla konyaka ngonyaka nge-4.93%. Kuya kubonakala ukuba ngo-2021, umbhobho wentsimbi waseTshayina, umbhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo, ukuveliswa kwemibhobho edityanisiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okucacileyo kwehle unyaka nonyaka. Imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kweemibhobho zetsimbi e-China kwi-2020-2021 iboniswe kwiThebhile 1 kunye noMfanekiso 1.

Ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwedatha yeenkcukacha-manani, ukusebenza ngokugudileyo kweshishini lombhobho wentsimbi yaseTshayina kwisiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka wama-2021, kodwa ukukhula kwemveliso kubonakala kumxinwa, xa kuthelekiswa nabachatshazelwa ngamaxabiso amatye entsimbi kumazwe ngamazwe avuka ngokukhawuleza ngoMeyi, umbhobho, amaxabiso epleyiti avuka kabukhali, nto leyo eye yatyhala amaxabiso entsimbi yavuka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa oku kuthenga impembelelo enkulu kumashishini asezantsi, yenza imfuno ebuthathaka. Ukongeza, imeko yoshishino lwentsimbi ukunciphisa iimfuno zemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada, nayo yachaphazela amashishini athile, ukuze ngo-2021, imveliso yombhobho yentsimbi yaseTshayina ibe luluhlu oluthile lokuhla.

2. Amaxabiso umbhobho Steel e China

Ukususela ngoNovemba 2020, ngenxa yokunyuka okubukhali kwamaxabiso ezinto eziphambili ezifana nentsimbi, amaxabiso e-billet kunye ne-strip steel e-China aye anyuka kakhulu, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-3, kunye namaxabiso emibhobho yensimbi.

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Ixabiso lexabiso lombhobho wensimbi engenamthungo, umbhobho odityanisiweyo kunye nombhobho we-galvanized e-China ukusuka kwi-2020 ukuya kwi-2021 iboniswe kuMzobo 4. Phakathi kwabo, ixabiso le-φ 219 mm × 10 mm ukucaciswa kombhobho wensimbi engenamthungo yenyuka ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ngoNovemba 2020, ixabiso lenyuka ukusuka kwi-4645 yuan ukuya kwi-20 yuan kwi-202 kaMeyi ngexabiso le-2016 ngoMeyi. 2008), phezulu phantse 2000 yuan, phezulu 42.9%; Emva kukaMeyi ka-2021, ixabiso lehle laya kutsho kwi-6,160 yuan ngoJulayi, lehla phantse kwi-500 yuan, laza lenyuka laya kutsho kwi-6,636 yuan ngo-Okthobha (yesibini phezulu), laze lehla laya kutsho kwi-5,931 yuan ngoDisemba. Ixabiso liye lanyuka kwizinga eliphezulu ukususela ekuqaleni konyaka.

Unyaka wama-2021 ngowona nyaka ungcono kushishino lwentsimbi lwaseTshayina ukusukela ngo-2008, neenzuzo kushishino ziphuculwe kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, njengenye yeemveliso zentsimbi kunye neshishini lensimbi, umbhobho wensimbi awuzange uphuculwe kakhulu njengeplate, ibha, ucingo kunye neprofayili. Izizathu zezi zilandelayo: okokuqala, nangona ixabiso lombhobho wensimbi liye laphakama ngokukhawuleza, ixabiso lombhobho wensimbi alizange likhuphuke ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngenxa yempembelelo yexabiso le-oyile ephantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lokubhida lombhobho we-oyile. Ixabiso lexabiso lombhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo, iphepha elinamazimba, iphepha elishushu eliqengqelekayo kunye ne-rebar e-China ukusuka ku-Epreli 2020 ukuya kuJanuwari ka-2022 kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5. Kuyabonakala ukuba ixabiso lephepha elenziwe ngamagalvanized ngo-2021 liphezulu kakhulu kunelo letyhubhu yentsimbi engenamthungo 300 ~ 750 yuan, kunye nezinye iintlobo zexabiso eliphantsi kunye nexabiso leminyaka emibini ephantsi. 200 yuan. Okwesibini, ngenxa yokunyuka okubukhali kwamaxabiso ezinto eziluhlaza kunye nezincedisayo, umehluko wexabiso phakathi kombhobho wensimbi kunye ne-billet uhlala kwinqanaba le-2020, kwaye umda wenzuzo yeemveliso awuphuculwanga kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, amashishini okuvelisa imibhobho ye-oyile, echatshazelwa lixabiso le-oyile eliphantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lebhidi lombhobho we-oyile, ulawulo lwamashishini lunzima, uninzi lwamashishini lusekupheleni kwengeniso encinci okanye ilahleko, amashishini ngamanye asalahleka.

Kwi-2021, nangona urhulumente wahlengahlengisa kabini isaphulelo serhafu sokuthumela ngaphandle kweemveliso zetsimbi, ukwenzela ukuba irhafu yerhafu ibuyele kwi-0, kodwa umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle wombhobho wensimbi awuncitshiswa kodwa unyuke. Ezona zizathu ziphambili zezi zilandelayo: okokuqala, ngenxa yempembelelo ye-COVID-19, amanye amashishini emibhobho yentsimbi yangaphandle akaphindanga aqalise ngokupheleleyo ukuvelisa, kwaye imakethi ibinqongophele kangangexesha elithile, kwaye amaxabiso emibhobho yentsimbi yamazwe ngamazwe anyuke kabukhali (amaxabiso ezinye iimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziphezulu kunezasekhaya); Okwesibini, amashishini athumela ngaphandle axhalabile malunga namazwe alandelayo ukunyusa amaxabiso kwiimveliso ezithumela ngaphandle, ngoko ke ukwandisa, ukukhawulezisa amandla okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, umthamo wezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwikota yesine unyuke kakhulu. NgoDisemba ka-2021, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho yentsimbi yaseTshayina kwaba yi-160.44% yomyinge weenyanga ezili-11 ezidlulileyo. Ngokukodwa, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweetyhubhu zetsimbi ezingenamthungo ngoDisemba kwakuyi-531,000 yeetoni, i-203.92 ipesenti yomyinge wokuthumela ngaphandle kweetoni ezingama-260,400 kwiinyanga ezili-11 zokuqala. Lo mkhwa uqhubekile kwikota yokuqala ka-2022.

3.2 Izinto eziphambili ezithunyelwa ngaphandle

Ngokutsho kwedatha ekhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs yaseChina, umbhobho wensimbi ongenamthungo waseChina uthumela ngaphandle ngo-2021 3.3952 yezigidi zeetoni, ukukhula konyaka-ngonyaka we-3.79%. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho ngaphandle komthungo ibe yi-1.2743 yezigidi zeetoni, ezantsi nge-9.60% unyaka nonyaka; Ithubhu ye-oyile engenamthungo ithumela ngaphandle i-906,200 yeetoni, inyuke nge-2.81% ngonyaka; Ithubhu yebhoyila engenamthungo ithumela ngaphandle iitoni ezingama-151,800, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-15.22%; Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho edityanisiweyo ibe ziitoni ezingama-757,700, ehle nge-9.16% ngonyaka; Ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kweetyhubhu ezidityanisiweyo ezinobume obukhethekileyo kunye nesikweri esixande zaziyi-1,325,400 yeetoni, ukunyuka nge-4.41% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, ngenxa yempembelelo yobhubhani wehlabathi jikelele we-COVID-19 kunye nezaphulelo zerhafu ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle kweentlobo ezintathu eziphambili zaseTshayina zemibhobho engenamthungo, umbhobho webhoyila ongenamthungo kunye nombhobho odityanisiweyo wehle kakhulu. Jonga iThebhile 3 kunye ne-7 yokuthunyelwa kweentlobo zemibhobho yensimbi ephambili e-China kwi-2020-2021.

3. Ukungenisa kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle kwemibhobho yentsimbi e-China

3.1 Umthamo kunye nexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle

Ngokutsho kwedatha ekhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs, kwi-2021, umbhobho wensimbi waseChina ungenisa ngaphandle kweetoni ezingama-349,600, phantsi kwe-7.21%; Ixabiso lokungenisa eliphakathi laliyi-$ 3824 / t, ukuya kwi-12.71% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwabo, i-tube yensimbi engenamthungo ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-130,500 t, phantsi kwe-13.80%; Ixabiso lokungenisa eliphakathi laliyi-$ 5769 / t, ukuya kwi-13.32% ngonyaka. Imibhobho edityanisiweyo ingenisa iitoni ezingama-219,100, ihle nge-2.80%; Ixabiso lokungenisa eliphakathi laliyi-$ 2671 / t, ukuya kwi-18.31% ngonyaka. Ngo-2021, i-China yathumela ngaphandle kwe-7.17 yezigidi zeetoni zeetyhubhu zetsimbi, ukunyuka kwe-4.19% ngonyaka; Umyinge wexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle laliyi-1542 yeedola / t, ukuya kuma-36.5% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwabo, i-tube yensimbi engenamthungo ithumela ngaphandle kwe-3.3952 yezigidi zeetoni, i-3.79%; Umyinge wexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle laliyi-$1,508 /t, linyuke nge-23.67% unyaka nonyaka. Umthamo wombhobho odityanisiweyo kumazwe angaphandle wawuzizigidi ezi-3.7748 zeetoni, unyuke nge-4.55% ngonyaka; Umyinge wexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle laliyi-$ 1573 / t, ukunyuka kwe-49.99% ngonyaka. Ngo-2021, umthamo wokungenisa umbhobho wentsimbi waseTshayina yi-0.41% kuphela yemveliso yombhobho wentsimbi, ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kombhobho odityanisiweyo liphezulu kunombhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo okokuqala. Jonga iTheyibhile 2 kunye noMfanekiso 6 wokungenisa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kunye nomlinganiselo wepayipi yensimbi e-China ngo-2020-2021.

3.3 Amazwe aNgamanye amazwe naThumela ngaphandle

Ngo-2021, amazwe ali-10 aphezulu aseTshayina athumela ngaphandle kombhobho wentsimbi e-South Korea, e-Indiya, e-UNITED Arab Emirates, e-Algeria, eThailand, e-Oman, e-Indonesia, eTurkey, e-Vietnam, e-Australia, abathengisi bemibhobho yentsimbi edityanisiweyo abali-10 baphuma kwiiPhilippines, eNigeria, eMyanmar, e-Australia, eMzantsi Korea, ePeru, eChile, e-Indonesia, eSingapore naseKhanada. Amazwe ekusingwa kuwo ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho yentsimbi yase-China ikakhulu igxile kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, kuMbindi Mpuma nakweminye imimandla, phakathi kwayo umzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, iGulf kunye neminye imimandla ithatha ngaphezu kwe-40% yokuthunyelwa kwe-China kumazwe angaphandle. Ngelixa eYurophu, kuMntla Melika, yenye yabathengi iphambili yentsimbi, kodwa ukususela ingxaki yemali yehlabathi ngo-2008, lo mmandla uyaqhubeka ukusungula uphando iyeza lorhwebo umbhobho yentsimbi kwilizwe lethu, ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kummandla we-akhawunti ityhubhu yentsimbi ngaphantsi kwe-6%, inkulu yokuthumela ngaphandle iintlobo ezimbini China (oyile kakuhle umbhobho, umbhobho umgca) phantse kula mazwe kunye nemimandla. Umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle kombhobho wensimbi waseChina ngokwelizwe okanye ummandla ngo-2020-2021 uboniswe kuMfanekiso 8.