I. Intuthuko Yamuva Kunqubomgomo Ye-EU CBAM

Indlela Yokulungisa Umngcele Wekhabhoni ye-EU (I-CBAM) yangena ngokusemthethweni "esigabeni sayo sokushaja" ngoJanuwari 1, 2026, iphawula ushintsho oluvela esimemezelweni sokuphatha kuya emthwalweni wemfanelo ogcwele wezezimali. Izigaba eziyisithupha zemikhiqizo zihlanganiswa ekuqaleni: insimbi, usimende, i-aluminium, umanyolo, ugesi, kanye ne-hydrogen.

Kusukela ngo-2026, kwenziwe izinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile ku-CBAM:

(1) Intengo Yekhabhoni Ihlala Iphezulu

Ku-Q2 2026, intengo yesitifiketi se-CBAM yayimi ku-€75.28/ton (cishe i-RMB 585/ton), igcina izinga eliphezulu. Kusukela ngo-2027, indlela yokubeka amanani izoshintsha kusukela ezimemezelweni zekota kuya kwezamasonto onke, ezixhunywe ngesikhathi sangempela kumanani okukhishwa kwendali ye-EU ETS.

(2) Amanani Okuzenzakalelayo Ancishiswe Kakhulu

Ngomhlaka-31 kuJulayi 2026, i-EU yakhipha uMthethonqubo (i-EU) 2026/1740, owawubuyekeza kakhulu amanani azenzakalelayo e-CBAM. Imikhiqizo yensimbi ibone ukwehla okukhulu okubanzi:

Isigaba Somkhiqizo Inani Elizenzakalelayo Langaphambilini (tCO)₂/ton) Inani Elisha Elizenzakalelayo (tCO)₂/ton) Ukunciphisa

Ama-Billets/Aqediwe kancane (7207) 8.230 3.169 -61.5%

Insimbi Yengulube (7201) 7.920 1.660 -79.0%

Insimbi Ehlanganisiwe Eqediwe Kancane (7224) 9.960-10.000 6.110-6.180 -38%

Umthetho omusha ususa ama-coefficients okuphawula angu-10%, 20%, kanye no-30% kumthethonqubo wangaphambilini (we-EU) ka-2025/2621, ubuyela kumanani azenzakalelayo ahlukanisiwe ngokusekelwe emizileni ehlukene yokukhiqiza.

(3) Ukwandiswa Kobubanzi

Ngomhlaka-9 kuJulayi 2026, iKomidi Lezemvelo lePhalamende laseYurophu lavotela ukwandisa ukumbozwa kwe-CBAM kusukela ezintweni eziyisisekelo kuya emikhiqizweni eqediwe engezansi. NgoDisemba 2025, iKhomishini yaseYurophu yaphakamisa ukwengeza imikhiqizo ecishe ibe ngu-180 esetshenziswa kakhulu ngensimbi ne-aluminium, ehlanganisa imishini, imikhiqizo yehadiwe neyensimbi, izingxenye zezimoto, izinto zasendlini, kanye nemishini yokwakha. Ukwandiswa kulindeleke ukuthi kuqale ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2028.

(4) Izinyathelo Zokulwa Nokuvinjelwa Kwegazi Ziqinisiwe

Umthetho omusha uqinisa izimiso zokulwa nokuvinjelwa, lapho "ukucubungula okuncane" kungasabhekwa njengendlela yokugwema esemthethweni. Lapho kutholakala amaphethini okuvinjelwa, iKhomishini inegunya lokusebenzisa amanani okujezisa akhishwa kakhulu ezweni elivela kulo.

(5) Umkhawulo Wokukhululwa Ongamathani angu-50

Ngo-2025, iKhomishini yethula umkhawulo waminyaka yonke wokukhululwa ekungenisweni kwempahla ongamathani angu-50. Ukuhlolwa kukhomba ukuthi lo mkhawulo uzokhulula cishe ama-90% abathumeli bempahla ngenkathi usamboza cishe ama-99% okukhishwa kwekhabhoni okufanele.

II. Ukuhlaziywa Komthelela Embonini Yamapayipi Ensimbi

Njengemikhiqizo yensimbi ecutshungulwa ngokujulile, amapayipi ensimbi abhekene nezinselele eziningi ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-CBAM:

(1) Umthelela Wezindleko Zekhabhoni Eziqondile

Ukusebenzisa izibalo zenani elizenzakalelayo, ukuthumela ngaphandle ithani elilodwa lemikhiqizo yensimbi embozwe yi-CBAM kungabangela izindleko ezengeziwe zekhabhoni eziphakathi kuka-RMB 130 kuya ku-4,670. Nakuba izitifiketi ze-CBAM zithengwa futhi zinikezwa abathumeli be-EU, abathumeli bavame ukudlulisa ingxenye noma zonke lezi zindleko kubahlinzeki baseShayina ngokunciphisa intengo noma izigaba zokwabelana ngezindleko zekhabhoni zesivumelwano.

Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi eShayina ikakhulukazi kubangelwa i-blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF), ene-CO2.₂ukukhishwa kwegesi okungaba ngu-2.0–Amathani angu-2.2 ngethani lensimbi—iphakeme kakhulu kunendlela ye-EU's electric arc furnace (EAF) ku-0.4–Amathani angu-0.6. Ngokusekelwe entengo yekhabhoni ye-EU yasekuqaleni kuka-2026 ka-€88/ton, ngemuva kokuba izibonelelo zamahhala seziqediwe ngokuphelele ngo-2034, izindleko ze-CBAM zokuthunyelwa kwensimbi e-EU zingakhuphuka ngo-€140–160 ngethani.

(2) Umthelela Wokwanda–Amapayipi Ensimbi Afakiwe Ngokuqondile

Ngaphambilini, imikhiqizo yokucubungula insimbi efana namapayipi kungenzeka ukuthi yayijabulela i-buffer ethile ngokungahlukaniswa "njengezinto eziyisisekelo." Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-CBAM ifinyelela emikhiqizweni yensimbi ne-aluminium engaphansi komfula, amapayipi ensimbi, izingxenye zensimbi ezakhiwe, kanye namapayipi ensimbi aqoshiwe kuzofakwa ngqo kububanzi bokulawula.

Kubalulekile ukucacisa: Ukwandiswa kwe-CBAM akukhokhisi yonke imikhiqizo eqediwe, kodwa kunalokho kubala ukukhishwa kwensimbi ne-aluminium okufakwe ngaphakathi komkhiqizo. Kumapayipi ensimbi, i-CBAM ibala kuphela ikhabhoni efakwe ngaphakathi kwensimbi esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwamapayipi.—ukucubungula nokukhiqiza okulandelayo akusebenzi.

(3) Ukuhlanganiswa Okubili Kwezindleko Zentela Nezindleko Zekhabhoni

Imithethonqubo emisha ye-EU yokungenisa insimbi eqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2026 yehlise izilinganiso zokungenisa ezingenayo intela cishe ngo-47% futhi yaphinda kabili intela yokungenisa eyengeziwe isuka ku-25% yaya ku-50%. Izindleko zekhabhoni kanye nezithiyo zentela manje kudala umphumela oyinkimbinkimbi, okwandisa kakhulu umthwalo wentela ophelele ekuthunyelweni kwamapayipi ensimbi kwamanye amazwe.

(4) Umkhawulo Wokuthobela Imithetho Ophakeme Kakhulu

Ngaphansi kokuqaliswa okugcwele kwe-CBAM, abathumeli ngaphandle kumele bahambisane nezibopho eziqinile zokubika idatha yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, okuhlanganisa ukubalwa kwezinyathelo zekhabhoni yomkhiqizo, ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha yomuntu wesithathu, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwemibiko yokuthobela imithetho. Amabhizinisi ensimbi aseShayina okwamanje abhekene nezikhala ezindinganisweni zokulinganisa ikhabhoni kanye nezinhlelo zokulandelela idatha, okudala izingozi zesikhashana zokungalandeli imithetho.

III. Izincomo Zabathumeli Bepayipi Lensimbi

1. Buyekeza Amakhodi e-CN Omkhiqizo: Hlola ukuthi imikhiqizo yakho yepayipi lensimbi isivele imboziwe noma izombozwa ngaphansi kobubanzi be-CBAM ngo-2028.

2. Misa Izinhlelo Zokuphathwa Kwedatha Yekhabhoni: Yakha izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwekhabhoni zedijithali kusukela ezingeni lomkhiqizo kuya ezingeni lochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, udale amarekhodi edatha yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuyiqiniso, okusobala, nokulandelekayo.

3. Beka Ukuqala Ukubikwa Kwenani Langempela: Nakuba amanani azenzakalelayo ehlisiwe kakhulu, ahlala ephakeme kunamazinga angempela okukhishwa kwegesi kumabhizinisi amaningi aseShayina. Ukusebenzisa amanani aqinisekisiwe okukhishwa kwegesi kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zentela yekhabhoni. Qaphela ukuthi ukubikwa kwenani langempela kudinga ukubalwa kwezimali kochwepheshe kanye nokuqinisekiswa yizinhlangano ezigunyaziwe ezivela eceleni.

4. Shayela Ukuguqulwa Kwekhabhoni Ephansi: Nciphisa ukuqina kwekhabhoni yomkhiqizo emthonjeni ngokwenza ngcono izakhiwo zamandla, ukwethula izinto zokusetshenziswa zekhabhoni ephansi, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza.

5. Xhumana nabangenisi be-EU: Sungula izindlela zokwabelana ngedatha yekhabhoni nabangenisi be-EU futhi uxoxe ngamalungiselelo okwabelana ngezindleko zekhabhoni kusenesikhathi ukuze ugweme ukubambezeleka noma ukulahlekelwa yi-oda ngenxa yezinkinga zokuthobela imithetho.