2021, ukuqhubeka nokujulisa ukuguqulwa kwemboni yamapayipi ensimbi esakhiwo ohlangothini lokuhlinzeka ezweni lethu, ukukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwemboni ye-carbon ephansi eluhlaza, kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu enqubomgomo yezimboni yezwe, ukusebenzisa amandla okulawula, ukukhipha, ukuqeda zonke izaphulelo zentela yokuthumela ngaphandle kwensimbi, ngaphansi kwesizinda sokufeza ikhabhoni ephindwe kabili, ukubhekana nesimo esishintshayo nesidingo kokubili ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukuzama ukunqoba ubunzima obukhulu bentengo yezinto zokwakha, Ukugaya ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nezinye izinto ezifana nezindleko zokwenyuka okukhulu, ukuqaphela "ukunciphisa inani nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi" intuthuko yekhwalithi ephezulu, ukusebenza kwemboni kuzinzile, ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sensimbi embonini engezansi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umnotho wezwe uyalulama njalo kube negalelo elihle.

1 Ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ensimbi kanye nokusetshenziswa okubonakalayo eShayina

Ngokusho kwedatha yokukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ahlanganisiwe eshicilelwe yi-National Bureau of Statistics kanye negatsha lepayipi lensimbi ngokusekelwe kudatha yokukhiqizwa kwamabhizinisi angamalungu ukulinganisa idatha yokukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo, kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuDisemba 2021, ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ensimbi kuzwelonke angamathani ayizigidi ezingu-853.62, kwehle ngo-3.66%; Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwakungamathani angu-78,811,600, kwehle ngo-4.33% unyaka nonyaka. Phakathi kwawo, ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ahlanganisiwe kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-58.832, kwehle ngo-3.57% unyaka nonyaka; Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-55.2763, kwehle ngo-4.07% unyaka nonyaka. Ukukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe kwepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo kungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-26.80.00, kwehle ngo-3.86% unyaka nonyaka; Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-23.5353, kanye nokwehla konyaka nonyaka okungu-4.93%. Kungabonakala ukuthi ngo-2021, ipayipi lensimbi laseShayina, ipayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo, ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ahlanganisiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwehle unyaka nonyaka. Umkhiqizo kanye nokusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwamapayipi ensimbi eShayina ngo-2020-2021 kuboniswe kuThebula 1 kanye noMfanekiso 1.

Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha yezibalo, ukusebenza kahle kwemboni yamapayipi ensimbi yaseShayina engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2021, kodwa ukukhula komkhiqizo kubonakala kuncane, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthinteka yintengo yensimbi yomhlaba wonke ekhuphuke kakhulu ngoMeyi, amanani epayipi, amapuleti akhuphuke kakhulu, okuye kwacindezela amanani ensimbi akhuphuke kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kuthenga kunomthelela omkhulu embonini engezansi, kwenza isidingo sibe buthaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo semboni yensimbi ukunciphisa izidingo zokukhiqizwa kwensimbi eluhlaza, sithinte namabhizinisi athile, kangangokuthi ngo-2021, ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ensimbi yaseShayina kwaba uhla oluthile lokwehla.

2. Amanani epayipi lensimbi eShayina

Kusukela ngoNovemba 2020, ngenxa yokwenyuka okukhulu kwamanani ezinto zokusetshenziswa ezinkulu njenge-iron ore, amanani e-billet kanye ne-strip steel eShayina akhushulwe kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-3, kanye namanani amapayipi ensimbi.

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Umkhuba wentengo yepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo, ipayipi elihlanganisiwe kanye nepayipi elihlanganisiwe eShayina kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2021 uboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Phakathi kwazo, intengo ye-φ 219 mm×10 mm yepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo ikhuphuke ngokushesha kusukela ngoNovemba 2020, intengo ikhuphuke kusukela ku-4645 yuan yaya ku-6638 yuan ngoMeyi 2021 (intengo iphakeme kusukela ngo-2008), ikhuphuke cishe ku-2000 yuan, ikhuphuke ngo-42.9%; Ngemuva kukaMeyi 2021, intengo yehle yaya ku-6,160 yuan ngoJulayi, yehla cishe ku-500 yuan, yabe isikhuphuka yaya ku-6,636 yuan ngo-Okthoba (eyesibili ephezulu), yabe isiwela ku-5,931 yuan ngoDisemba. Intengo ibilokhu ishintshashintsha ezingeni eliphezulu kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka.

Unyaka ka-2021 unyaka ongcono kakhulu embonini yensimbi yaseShayina kusukela ngo-2008, izinzuzo zemboni zithuthuke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengenye yemikhiqizo yemboni yensimbi nensimbi, ipayipi lensimbi alithuthukiswanga kakhulu njengepuleti, ibha, ucingo kanye nephrofayili. Izizathu zimi kanje: okokuqala, yize intengo yepayipi lensimbi ikhuphuke kakhulu, intengo yepayipi lensimbi ayikhuphukelanga ezingeni eliphezulu ngenxa yethonya lentengo ephansi kawoyela kanye nentengo ephansi yokubhida yepayipi lomthombo kawoyela. Umkhuba wentengo yepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo, ishidi elihlanganisiwe, ishidi eligoqiwe elishisayo kanye ne-rebar eShayina kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2020 kuya kuJanuwari 2022 uboniswe kuMfanekiso 5. Kungabonakala ukuthi intengo yeshidi elihlanganisiwe ngo-2021 iphakeme kakhulu kuneyeshubhu lensimbi elingenamthungo elingu-300 ~ 750 yuan, futhi intengo yezinhlobo ezimbili kweminye iminyaka iphakeme futhi iphansi, ngokuvamile ishintshashintsha cishe ku-200 yuan. Okwesibili, ngenxa yokwenyuka okukhulu kwamanani ezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe kanye nezisizayo, umehluko wentengo phakathi kwepayipi lensimbi kanye ne-billet uhlala ezingeni lika-2020, futhi inzuzo yemikhiqizo ayizange ithuthukiswe kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, amabhizinisi okukhiqiza amapayipi kawoyela, athintekile yintengo kawoyela ephansi kanye nentengo ephansi yokubhida yamapayipi kawoyela, ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi kunzima, amabhizinisi amaningi asemkhawulweni wenzuzo encane noma ukulahlekelwa, amabhizinisi ngamanye asalahlekelwa.

Ngo-2021, yize umbuso ulungise kabili isaphulelo sentela yokuthumela ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yensimbi, ukuze izinga lesaphulelo sentela libuyele ku-0, kodwa umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle wepayipi lensimbi awuncishisiwe kodwa wanda. Izizathu eziyinhloko yilezi ezilandelayo: okokuqala, ngenxa yomthelela we-COVID-19, amanye amabhizinisi epayipi lensimbi angaphandle awazange aqale kabusha ngokuphelele ukukhiqiza, futhi imakethe ibilokhu ingekho isikhathi eside, futhi amanani epayipi lensimbi aphesheya akhuphuke kakhulu (amanani emikhiqizo ethile ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aphezulu kuneyasekhaya); Okwesibili, amabhizinisi athumela kwamanye amazwe akhathazekile ngamazwe alandelayo okwandisa amanani entengo emikhiqizweni ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ngakho-ke khulisa, sheshisa amandla okuthumela kwamanye amazwe, inani lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kwikota yesine landa kakhulu. NgoDisemba 2021, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwepayipi lensimbi eShayina kwakungama-160.44% wesilinganiso sezinyanga eziyi-11 ezedlule. Ikakhulukazi, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo ngoDisemba kwakungamathani angama-531,000, amaphesenti angama-203.92 okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okumatani angama-260,400 ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyi-11. Lo mkhuba uqhubeke kwaze kwaba yikota yokuqala ka-2022.

3.2 Izinto eziyinhloko zokuthumela ngaphandle

Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-General Administration of Customs yaseShayina, ukuthunyelwa kwamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo eShayina ngo-2021 kwafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.3952, ukukhula konyaka nonyaka okungu-3.79%. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthunyelwa kwamapayipi angenamthungo kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.2743, kwehle ngo-9.60% unyaka nonyaka; Ipayipi likawoyela elingenamthungo lithumela amathani angu-906,200, kwenyuka ngo-2.81% unyaka nonyaka; Ipayipi likabhoyila elingenamthungo lithumela amathani angu-151,800, kwehle ngo-15.22% unyaka nonyaka; Ukuthunyelwa kwamapayipi epayipi ahlanganisiwe kwakungamathani angu-757,700, kwehle ngo-9.16% unyaka nonyaka; Ukuthunyelwa kwamapayipi angunxande ahlanganisiwe anomumo okhethekile futhi oyisikwele kwakungamathani angu-1,325,400, kwenyuka ngo-4.41% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, ngenxa yomthelela wobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 emhlabeni jikelele kanye nezaphulelo zentela yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yasekhaya, inani lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe lezinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu zaseShayina zamapayipi angenamthungo, ipayipi lebhoyila elingenamthungo kanye nepayipi elihlanganisiwe lehle kakhulu. Bheka Ithebula 3 kanye noMfanekiso 7 wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinhlobo zamapayipi ensimbi ayinhloko eShayina ngo-2020-2021.

3. Ukungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe amapayipi ensimbi eShayina

3.1 Umthamo kanye nentengo yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle

Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-General Administration of Customs, ngo-2021, ukungeniswa kwamapayipi ensimbi eShayina angamathani angu-349,600, kwehle ngo-7.21%; Intengo ejwayelekile yokungenisa yayingu-$3824 /t, ikhuphuke ngo-12.71% unyaka nonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ukungeniswa kwamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo angamathani angu-130,500, kwehle ngo-13.80%; Intengo ejwayelekile yokungenisa yayingu-$5769 /t, ikhuphuke ngo-13.32% unyaka nonyaka. Ukungeniswa kwamapayipi ahlanganisiwe angamathani angu-219,100, kwehle ngo-2.80%; Intengo ejwayelekile yokungenisa yayingu-$2671 /t, ikhuphuke ngo-18.31% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, iShayina yathumela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.17 zamapayipi ensimbi, ikhuphuke ngo-4.19% unyaka nonyaka; Intengo evamile yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yayingu-$1542 /t, ikhuphuke ngo-36.5% unyaka nonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ishubhu lensimbi engenamthungo lithumela ngaphandle amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.3952, likhuphuke ngo-3.79%; Intengo ejwayelekile yokuthumela ngaphandle yayingu-$1,508/t, ikhuphuke ngo-23.67% unyaka nonyaka. Umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle wepayipi elihlanganisiwe wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.7748, ukhuphuke ngo-4.55% unyaka nonyaka; Intengo ejwayelekile yokuthumela ngaphandle yayingu-$1573/t, ikhuphuke ngo-49.99% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, umthamo wokungenisa wepayipi lensimbi eShayina ungu-0.41% kuphela womkhiqizo wepayipi lensimbi, intengo yokuthumela ngaphandle yepayipi elihlanganisiwe iphakeme kunepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo okokuqala. Bheka Ithebula 2 kanye neSithombe 6 ukuze uthole umthamo wokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle kanye nengxenye yepayipi lensimbi eShayina ngo-2020-2021.

3.3 Amazwe Angenisa Nathumela Ngaphandle

Ngo-2021, amazwe ayi-10 aphezulu okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo eShayina yiNingizimu Korea, iNdiya, i-United Arab Emirates, i-Algeria, iThailand, i-Oman, i-Indonesia, iTurkey, iVietnam, i-Australia. Amazwe ayi-10 aphezulu okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngamapayipi ensimbi ahlanganisiwe yiPhilippines, iNigeria, iMyanmar, i-Australia, iNingizimu Korea, iPeru, iChile, i-Indonesia, iSingapore neCanada. Amazwe okuya kuwo okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngamapayipi ensimbi eShayina agxile kakhulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi nakwezinye izifunda, phakathi kwawo eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, iGulf nezinye izifunda zingaphezu kuka-40% wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eShayina. Ngenkathi eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, ingenye yabathengi abaphambili bensimbi, kodwa kusukela enkingeni yezezimali yomhlaba wonke ngo-2008, lesi sifunda siyaqhubeka nokuqalisa uphenyo lokwelapha ukuhweba ngamapayipi ensimbi ezweni lethu, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamanje esifundeni sepayipi lensimbi kungaphansi kuka-6%, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okukhulu kakhulu eShayina izinhlobo ezimbili (ipayipi lomthombo kawoyela, ipayipi lomugqa) cishe kufinyelele kula mazwe nezifunda. Umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe wepayipi lensimbi laseShayina ngezwe noma isifunda ngo-2020-2021 uboniswe kuMfanekiso 8.