phala ea tšepe e kopantsoeng e se nang seamless ASTM A335 phala ea boiler e tloaelehileng ea khatello e phahameng
| Maemo a Tloaelehileng:ASTM A335 | Motsoako Kapa Che: Motsoako |
| Sehlopha sa Sehlopha: P5, P9, P11, P22, P91, P92 Jj. | Kopo: Pipe ea Boiler |
| Botenya: 1 - 100 mm | Phekolo ea Bokaholimo: Joalokaha ho Hlokahala Moreki |
| Bophara ba Kantle (Kgokolo): 10 - 1000 Mm | Mokhoa: E Chesitsoeng ka Mocheso/ E Huloa ka Batang |
| Bolelele: Bolelele bo sa Fetoheng Kapa Bolelele bo sa Ratehang | Kalafo ea Mocheso: Ho Hloekisa/Ho Lumella/Ho Tempera |
| Sebopeho sa Karolo: Se chitja | Pipe e Ikhethang: Pipe e Tetehileng ea Lebota |
| Sebaka sa Tšimoloho: Chaena | Tšebeliso: Phaephe ea Mouoane ea Khatello e Phahameng, Boiler le Mochini o Chesang |
| Setifikeiti: ISO9001:2008 | Teko: ET/UT |
E sebelisoa haholo ho etsa phala ea boiler ea tšepe ea alloy ea boleng bo holimo, phala e fapanyetsanang mocheso, phala ea mouoane ea khatello e phahameng bakeng sa indasteri ea peterole le lik'hemik'hale.
Sehlopha sa phaephe ea alloy ea boleng bo holimo: P5, P9, P11, P22, P91, P92 jj.
| Sehlopha | UN | C≤ | Mn | P≤ | S≤ | Si≤ | Cr | Mo |
| Sequiv. | ||||||||
| P1 | K11522 | 0.10~0.20 | 0.30~0.80 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.10~0.50 | – | 0.44~0.65 |
| P2 | K11547 | 0.10~0.20 | 0.30~0.61 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.10~0.30 | 0.50~0.81 | 0.44~0.65 |
| P5 | K41545 | 0.15 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 4.00~6.00 | 0.44~0.65 |
| P5b | K51545 | 0.15 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.00~2.00 | 4.00~6.00 | 0.44~0.65 |
| P5c | K41245 | 0.12 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 4.00~6.00 | 0.44~0.65 |
| P9 | S50400 | 0.15 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.50~1.00 | 8.00~10.00 | 0.44~0.65 |
| P11 | K11597 | 0.05~0.15 | 0.30~0.61 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.50~1.00 | 1.00~1.50 | 0.44~0.65 |
| P12 | K11562 | 0.05~0.15 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 0.80~1.25 | 0.44~0.65 |
| P15 | K11578 | 0.05~0.15 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.15~1.65 | – | 0.44~0.65 |
| P21 | K31545 | 0.05~0.15 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 2.65~3.35 | 0.80~1.60 |
| P22 | K21590 | 0.05~0.15 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 1.90~2.60 | 0.87~1.13 |
| P91 | K91560 | 0.08~0.12 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.20~0.50 | 8.00~9.50 | 0.85~1.05 |
| P92 | K92460 | 0.07~0.13 | 0.30~0.60 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 8.50~9.50 | 0.30~0.60 |
Tlhophiso e ncha e thehiloeng ho latela Practice E 527 le SAE J1086, Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS). B Kereiti P 5c e tla ba le titanium e nang le bonyane makhetlo a 4 a khabone mme e se ke ya feta 0.70%; kapa columbium e nang le makhetlo a 8 ho isa ho a 10 a khabone.
| Thepa ea mechini | P1, P2 | P12 | P23 | P91 | P92, P11 | P122 |
| Matla a tšepe | 380 | 415 | 510 | 585 | 620 | 620 |
| Matla a tlhahiso | 205 | 220 | 400 | 415 | 440 | 400 |
| Sehlopha | Mofuta oa Phekolo ea Mocheso | Boemo ba Mocheso bo Tloaelehileng F [C] | Ho Hlophisa kapa ho Tempera ka Bohloko bo sa Tsejoeng |
| P5, P9, P11, le P22 | Boemo ba Mocheso F [C] | ||
| A335 P5 (b,c) | Anneal e Felletseng kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Maemo le ho Fetola Bohale | ***** | 1250 [675] | |
| Anneal e sa hlakang (P5c feela) | ***** | 1325 – 1375 [715 - 745] | |
| A335 P9 | Anneal e Felletseng kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Maemo le ho Fetola Bohale | ***** | 1250 [675] | |
| A335 P11 | Anneal e Felletseng kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Maemo le ho Fetola Bohale | ***** | 1200 [650] | |
| A335 P22 | Anneal e Felletseng kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Maemo le ho Fetola Bohale | ***** | 1250 [675] | |
| A335 P91 | Tloaelana le Maemo le ho Fetola Bohale | 1900-1975 [1040 - 1080] | 1350-1470 [730 - 800] |
| Ho tima le ho halefa | 1900-1975 [1040 - 1080] | 1350-1470 [730 - 800] |
Bakeng sa phaephe e laetsoeng ho ea ka bophara ba kahare, bophara ba kahare ha boa lokela ho fapana ho feta 6 1% ho tloha bophara bo boletsoeng ba kahare.
Liphetoho tse Lumellehang ka Bophara ba Kantle
| Moqapi oa NPS | in | mm | in | mm |
| 1⁄8ho isa ho 11⁄2, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64(0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ho feta 11⁄2 ho isa ho 4, ho kenyeletsoa le. | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 4 ho isa ho 8, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄16(0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 8 ho isa ho 12, ho kenyeletsoa | 3⁄32(0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta lilemo tse 12 | 6 1 % ea tse boletsoeng kantle bophara |
Teko ea Hydraustatic:
Phaephe ea Tšepe e Lokela ho Lekoa ka Hydraulically One by One. Khatello e Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa ea Teko ke 20 MPa. Tlas'a Khatello ea Teko, Nako ea ho Tsitsisa e Lokela ho ba ka tlase ho 10 S, 'me Phaephe ea Tšepe ha ea Lokela ho Lutla.
Kamora hore Mosebelisi a Lumelle, Teko ea Hydraulic e ka nkeloa sebaka ke Teko ea Eddy Current kapa Teko ea Magnetic Flux Leakage.
Teko e sa Senyeheng:
Liphaephe Tse Hlokang Tlhahlobo e Eketsehileng li Lokela ho Hlahlojoa ka Ultrasonical ka 'Ngoe ka 'Ngoe. Kamora Puisano e Hloka Tumello ea Mokha 'Me e Boletsoe Konterakeng, Liteko tse Ling Tse sa Senyeheng li ka Eketsoa.
Teko ea ho Batalatsa:
Lipeipi tse nang le bophara bo ka ntle bo fetang 22 mm li tla etsoa teko ea ho batalla. Ha ho na ho ba le ho phatloha ho bonahalang, matheba a masoeu, kapa litšila tse lokelang ho hlaha nakong ea teko eohle.
Teko ea ho thatafala:
Bakeng sa phaephe ea Mekhahlelo ea P91, P92, P122, le P911, liteko tsa ho thatafala ha Brinell, Vickers, kapa Rockwell li tla etsoa mohlaleng o tsoang lothong ka 'ngoe.
Teko ea ho Kobeha:
Bakeng sa phaephe eo bophara ba yona bo fetang NPS 25 mme karolelano ya yona ya bophara le botenya ba lebota e le 7.0 kapa ka tlase e tla etswa teko ya ho kobeha ho ena le teko ya ho batalatsa. Phaephe e nngwe eo bophara ba yona bo lekanang kapa bo fetang NPS 10 e ka fuwa teko ya ho kobeha sebakeng sa teko ya ho batalatsa ho latela tumello ya moreki.
1. Ho kenya ka setshelo
2. Ho kenya thepa ka bongata
ASTM A335 P5ke phaephe e nang le mocheso o phahameng oa tšepe e kopantsoeng ea ferritic ea maemo a Amerika. Phaephe ea alloy ke mofuta oa phaephe ea tšepe e se nang mokhabiso, ts'ebetso ea eona e phahame haholo ho feta phaephe e akaretsang ea tšepe e se nang mokhabiso, hobane mofuta ona oa phaephe ea tšepe o na le C e ngata, ts'ebetso e ka tlase ho phaephe e tloaelehileng ea tšepe e se nang mokhabiso, kahoo phaephe ea alloy e sebelisoa haholo peteroleng, lifofaneng, lik'hemik'hale, motlakase, boiler, sesole le liindasteri tse ling.
Phaephe ea Tšepe ea Alloy e na le likarolo tse ngata ntle le khabone tse kang nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium le likarolo tse fokolang tse ling tse amoheloang hangata tse kang manganese, sebabole, silicon le phosphorus.
Tšepe ea alloy ea lapeng e tsamaellanang :1Cr5Mo GB 9948-2006 “Tekanyetso ea Pipe ea Tšepe e se Nang Seamless bakeng sa ho Petsoha ha Petroleum”
- Tefo: 30% Depositi, 70% L/C Kapa B/L Kopi kapa 100% L/C Ha ho Bonoa
- Bongata ba Order bo fokolang: 1 PC
- Bokhoni ba Phepelo: Selemo le selemo ho na le lithane tse 20000 tsa thepa ea tšepe ea pipe
- Nako ea ho etella pele: Matsatsi a 7-14 Haeba e le teng, Matsatsi a 30-45 a ho Hlahisa
- Ho paka: Ho nyamela ho hotšo, Bevel le Cap bakeng sa Phaephe e 'Ngoe le e 'Ngoe; OD e ka tlase ho 219mm e Hloka ho Paka ka Sephutheloana, 'Me Sephutheloana ka seng se se ke sa feta lithane tse 2.
Kakaretso
| Maemo a Tloaelehileng:ASTM A335 | Motsoako Kapa Che: Motsoako |
| Sehlopha sa Sehlopha: P5 | Kopo: Pipe ea Boiler |
| Botenya: 1 - 100 mm | Phekolo ea Bokaholimo: Joalokaha ho Hlokahala Moreki |
| Bophara ba Kantle (Kgokolo): 10 - 1000 Mm | Mokhoa: E Chesitsoeng ka Mocheso/ E Huloa ka Batang |
| Bolelele: Bolelele bo sa Fetoheng Kapa Bolelele bo sa Ratehang | Kalafo ea Mocheso: Ho Hloekisa/Ho Lumella/Ho Tempera |
| Sebopeho sa Karolo: Se chitja | Pipe e Ikhethang: Pipe e Tetehileng ea Lebota |
| Sebaka sa Tšimoloho: Chaena | Tšebeliso: Phaephe ea Mouoane ea Khatello e Phahameng, Boiler le Mochini o Chesang |
| Setifikeiti: ISO9001:2008 | Teko: ET/UT |
Kopo
E Sebelisoa Haholo-holo ho Etsa Pipe ea Boiler ea Tšepe ea Alloy ea Boleng bo Holimo, Pipe e Fetotsoeng ka Mocheso, Pipe ea Mouoane ea Khatello e Phahameng Bakeng sa Indasteri ea Petroleum le Lik'hemik'hale
Karolo ea Lik'hemik'hale
| Metswako | Lintlha |
| Tlhophiso ea UNS | K41545 |
| Khabone (boholo.) | 0.15 |
| Manganese | 0.30-0.60 |
| Phosphorus (boholo.) | 0.025 |
| Silicone (boholo.) | 0.50 |
| Chromium | 4.00-6.00 |
| Molybdenum | 0.45-0.65 |
| Likarolo tse ling | … |
Thepa ea Mechini
| Matlo | Lintlha |
| Matla a ho Tenyetseha, Min, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Matla a Tekanyo, Bonyane, (MPa) | 205 Mpa |
| Ho Lelefatsa, Bonyane, (%), L/T | 30/20 |
Kalafo ea Mocheso
| Sehlopha | Mofuta oa Phekolo ea Mocheso | Boemo ba Mocheso bo Tloaelehileng F [C] | Ho Hlophisa kapa ho Tempera ka Botlalo |
| P5, P9, P11, le P22 | Boemo ba Mocheso F [C] | ||
| A335 P5 (B,C) | Anneal e Felletseng Kapa e Isothermal | ||
| A335 P5b | Tloaelana le Boemo ba 'Mele | ***** | 1250 [675] |
| A335 P5c | Anneal e nyenyane | ***** | 1325 – 1375 [715 - 745] |
Mamello
Bakeng sa Phaephe e Laetsoeng ho ea Bophara ba Ka Hare, Bophara ba Ka Hare bo ke ke ba Fetoha ho Feta ± 1% ho tloha Bophara ba Ka Hare bo Boletsweng
Liphetoho tse Lumellehang ka Bophara ba Kantle
| Moqapi oa NPS | Mamello e ntle | mamello e mpe | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8ho isa ho 11⁄2, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64(0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ho feta 11⁄2 ho isa ho 4, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 4 ho isa ho 8, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄16(0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 8 ho isa ho 12, ho kenyeletsoa | 3⁄32(0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta lilemo tse 12 | ± 1% ea Tse Boletsweng Kantle Bophara | |||
Tlhokahalo ea Teko
Teko ea Hydraustatic:
Phaephe ea Tšepe e Lokela ho Lekoa ka Hydraulically One by One. Khatello e Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa ea Teko ke 20 MPa. Tlas'a Khatello ea Teko, Nako ea ho Tsitsisa e Lokela ho ba ka tlase ho 10 S, 'me Phaephe ea Tšepe ha ea Lokela ho Lutla.
Kamora hore Mosebelisi a Lumelle, Teko ea Hydraulic e ka nkeloa sebaka ke Teko ea Eddy Current kapa Teko ea Magnetic Flux Leakage.
Teko e sa Senyeheng:
Liphaephe Tse Hlokang Tlhahlobo e Eketsehileng li Lokela ho Hlahlojoa ka Ultrasonical ka 'Ngoe ka 'Ngoe. Kamora Puisano e Hloka Tumello ea Mokha 'Me e Boletsoe Konterakeng, Liteko tse Ling Tse sa Senyeheng li ka Eketsoa.
Teko ea ho Batalatsa:
Lipeipi tse nang le bophara bo ka ntle bo fetang 22 mm li tla etsoa teko ea ho batalla. Ha ho na ho ba le ho phatloha ho bonahalang, matheba a masoeu, kapa litšila tse lokelang ho hlaha nakong ea teko eohle.
Teko ea ho thatafala:
Bakeng sa Pipe ea Mekhahlelo ea P91, P92, P122, le P911, Liteko tsa ho Tiea ha Brinell, Vickers, kapa Rockwell li Lokela ho Etsoa Sampoleng e 'Ngoe le e 'Ngoe
Teko ea ho Kobeha:
Bakeng sa Phaephe eo bophara ba yona bo fetang NPS 25 mme Karolelano ya Botenya ba yona ho ya ho Bophara ba Lebota e le 7.0 kapa ka Tlase e tla etswa Teko ya ho Kobeha ho ena le Teko ya ho Kobeha. Phaephe e nngwe eo bophara ba yona bo lekanang kapa bo fetang NPS 10 e ka fuwa Teko ya ho Kobeha sebakeng sa Teko ya ho Kobeha ho latela tumello ya Moreki.
Thepa le Tlhahiso
Phaephe e ka 'na ea huloa e chesang kapa e batang ka phekolo ea ho qetela ea mocheso e boletsoeng ka tlase.
Kalafo ea Mocheso
- A / N+T
- N+T / Q+T
- N+T
Liteko tsa Mekaniki tse Boletsoeng
- Teko ea Khatello ea ho Fetoha kapa ea Longitudinal le Teko ea ho Foforeha, Teko ea ho Tiea, kapa Teko ea ho Kobeha
- Bakeng sa mocheso o phekolwang ka ontong ya mofuta wa sehlopha, diteko di tla etswa ho 5% ya phaephe ho tswa karolong e nngwe le e nngwe e phekolwang. Bakeng sa karolo e nyane, bonyane phaephe e le nngwe e tla lekoa.
- Bakeng sa mocheso oa thepa o phekoloang ke ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele, liteko li tla etsoa palong e lekaneng ea phaephe ho etsa 5% ea sebaka, empa maemong afe kapa afe eseng ka tlase ho liphaephe tse 2.
Lintlha tsa Teko ea Kobeho:
- Bakeng sa phaephe eo bophara ba yona bo fetang NPS 25 mme karolelano ya yona ya bophara le botenya ba lebota e le 7.0 kapa ka tlase e tla etswa teko ya ho kobeha ho ena le teko ya ho batalatsa.
- Phaephe e 'ngoe eo bophara ba eona bo lekanang kapa bo fetang NPS 10 e ka fuoa teko ea ho kobeha sebakeng sa teko ea ho batalatsa ho latela tumello ea moreki.
- Disampole tsa teko ya ho kobeha di lokela ho kobeha mochesong wa kamore ho fihlela ho 180 ntle le ho petsoha ka ntle ho karolo e kobehileng.
ASTM A335 P5Lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang moedi li loketse metsi, mouoane, haeterojene, oli e bolila, jj. Haeba li sebelisoa bakeng sa mouoane oa metsi, mocheso oa eona o phahameng oa ts'ebetso ke 650℃Ha e sebelisoa mefuteng e sebetsang joalo ka oli e bolila, e na le khanyetso e ntle ea ho ts'enyeha ha sebabole mochesong o phahameng, 'me hangata e sebelisoa maemong a ts'enyeho ea sebabole mochesong o phahameng oa 288~550℃.
Tshebetso ea tlhahiso:
1. Ho phutholla ho chesang (thupa ea tšepe e se nang seamless e ntšitsoeng): tube e chitja billet → ho futhumatsa → ho phunyeletsa → ho phutholla sefapano sa meqolo e meraro, ho phutholla ho tsoelang pele kapa ho ntša → ho hlobola tube → boholo (kapa ho fokotsa) → ho pholisa → ho otlolla → teko ea khatello ea metsi (kapa ho lemoha sekoli) → ho tšoaea → polokelo
2. Thupa ea tšepe e se nang moedi e hulang ka mokhoa o batang: thupa e chitja e hulang ka mokhoa o chitja → ho futhumatsa → ho phunyeletsa → hlooho → ho annealing → ho pickling → ho tlotsa oli (ho penta ka koporo) → ho hula ka mokhoa o batang ka makhetlo a mangata (ho penta ka mokhoa o batang) → thupa e se nang letho → kalafo ea mocheso → ho otlolla → teko ea khatello ea metsi (ho lemoha liphoso) → ho tšoaea → polokelo
Maemo a Kopo:
Lisebelisoang tsa sepakapaka le tsa vacuum bakeng sa ho sebetsana le oli e tala e nang le sebabole se phahameng,ASTM A335 P5Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moedi li sebelisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa liphaephe tse ka tlase tsa litora tsa sepakapaka le tsa vacuum, liphaephe tsa sepakapaka tsa lifono tsa sepakapaka le tsa vacuum, likarolo tse lebelo le phahameng tsa mela ea phetoho ea oli ea sepakapaka le ea vacuum le liphaephe tse ling tsa oli le khase tse nang le sebabole tse nang le sebabole.
Liyuniti tsa FCC,ASTM A335 P5Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moedi li sebelisoa haholo-holo liphaepheng tsa slurry, catalyst le return refinery tse nang le mocheso o phahameng, hammoho le liphaepheng tse ling tsa oli le khase tse nang le mocheso o phahameng.
Ka yuniti ea ho pheha e liehang,ASTM A335 P5Phaephe ea tšepe e se nang moedi e sebelisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa phaephe ea phepelo ea mocheso o phahameng botlaaseng ba tora ea coke le phaephe ea oli le khase ea mocheso o phahameng botlaaseng ba tora ea coke, phaephe ea onto botlaaseng ba tora ea coke, phaephe e tlase botlaaseng ba tora ea fracking le phaephe e 'ngoe ea oli le khase ea mocheso o phahameng e nang le sebabole.
Phaephe ea Tšepe ea Alloy e na le likarolo tse ngata ntle le khabone tse kang nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium le likarolo tse fokolang tse ling tse amoheloang hangata tse kang manganese, sebabole, silicon le phosphorus..
ASTM A335 P9 ke phaephe e nang le mocheso o phahameng oa ferritic e se nang seamless ea tšepe ea maemo a Amerika. Tube ea motsoako ke mofuta oa tube ea tšepe e se nang sekoli, ts'ebetso ea eona e phahame haholo ho feta tube ea tšepe e se nang sekoli e akaretsang, hobane mofuta ona oa tube ea tšepe o na le C e ngata, ts'ebetso e ka tlase ho tube ea tšepe e se nang sekoli e tloaelehileng, kahoo tube ea motsoako e sebelisoa haholo peteroleng, lifofaneng, lik'hemik'hale, motlakase, boiler, sesole le liindasteri tse ling.
A335 P9ke tšepe e sa cheseng mocheso e nang le chromium-molybdenum alloy e hlahisoang ho latela maemo a Amerika. Ka lebaka la khanyetso ea eona e ntle ea oxidation, matla a mocheso o phahameng le khanyetso ea sulfide ea mafome, e sebelisoa haholo liphaepheng tsa mocheso o phahameng le khatello e phahameng tse ka tukang le tse phatlohang tsa limela tsa peterole, haholo-holo phaephe ea mocheso o tobileng oa ontong e futhumatsang, mocheso o mahareng o ka fihla ho 550~600℃.
Tšepe ea alloy ea lapeng e tsamaellanang :1Cr5Mo GB 9948-2006 “Tekanyetso ea Pipe ea Tšepe e se Nang Seamless bakeng sa ho Petsoha ha Petroleum”
Kakaretso
| Maemo a Tloaelehileng:ASTM A335 | Motsoako Kapa Che: Motsoako |
| Sehlopha sa Kereiti: P9 | Kopo: Pipe ea Boiler |
| Botenya: 1 - 100 mm | Phekolo ea Bokaholimo: Joalokaha ho Hlokahala Moreki |
| Bophara ba Kantle (Kgokolo): 10 - 1000 Mm | Mokhoa: E Chesitsoeng ka Mocheso/ E Huloa ka Batang |
| Bolelele: Bolelele bo sa Fetoheng Kapa Bolelele bo sa Ratehang | Kalafo ea Mocheso: Ho Hloekisa/Ho Lumella/Ho Tempera |
| Sebopeho sa Karolo: Se chitja | Pipe e ikhethang: Pipe e teteaneng ea lebota |
| Sebaka sa Tšimoloho: Chaena | Tšebeliso: Phaephe ea Mouoane ea Khatello e Phahameng, Boiler le Mochini o Chesang |
| Setifikeiti: ISO9001:2008 | Teko: ET/UT |
Karolo ea Lik'hemik'hale
Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moedi bakeng sa ho petsoha ha peterole
| ASTM A335M | C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo |
| P9 | ≦0.15 | 0.25-1.00 | 0.30-0.60 | ≦0.025 | ≦0.025 | 8.00-10.00 | 0.90-1.10 |
Thepa ea Mechini
| Matlo | Lintlha |
| Matla a ho thapolla, bonyane, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Matla a tlhahiso, bonyane, (MPa) | 205 Mpa |
| Ho lelefatsa, bonyane, (%), L/T | 14 |
| HB | 180 |
Kalafo ea Mocheso
|
Sehlopha | Mofuta oa Phekolo ea Mocheso | Boemo ba Mocheso bo Tloaelehileng F [C] | Ho Hlophisa kapa ho Tempera ka Botlalo |
| P5, P9, P11, le P22 | |||
| A335 P9 | Anneal e Felletseng Kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Boemo ba 'Mele | ***** | 1250 [675] |
A335 P9e ka phekoloa ka mocheso ka ho annealing kapa ho normalizing + ho temperature. Lebelo la ho phodisa la tshebetso ya ho annealing le lieha, le ama morethetho wa tlhahiso, tshebetso ya tlhahiso e thata ho e laola, mme e na le ditjeo tse hodimo; Ka hona, tlhahiso ya nnete ha se hangata e sebedisang mokgwa wa kalafo ya mocheso wa ho annealing, hangata e sebedisa mokgwa wa ho normalizing + ho temperature ho ena le mokgwa wa ho annealing, ho fihlella tlhahiso ya diindasteri.
A335 P9Tšepe hobane ha e na V, Nb le likarolo tse ling tsa microalloying, kahoo mocheso o tloaelehileng ho feta tšepe ea A335 P91 o tlase, 950 ~ 1050℃, tšoara nako ea 1h, ts'ebetso ha e tloaelehile boholo ba carbide e qhibilihile empa ha ho na kholo e totobetseng ea lijo-thollo, empa mocheso o phahameng haholo o tloaelehileng o na le tšekamelo ea ho ba le lithollo tsa austenite tse mahoashe: mocheso o itekanetseng ke 740-790℃, e le hore ho be le boima bo tlase, nako ea mocheso o itekanetseng e lokela ho atolosoa ka nepo.
Mamello
Bakeng sa Phaephe e Laetsoeng ho ea Bophara ba Ka Hare, Bophara ba Ka Hare bo ke ke ba Fetoha ho Feta ± 1% ho tloha Bophara ba Ka Hare bo Boletsweng
Liphetoho tse Lumellehang ka Bophara ba Kantle
| Moqapi oa NPS | Mamello e ntle | mamello e mpe | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8ho isa ho 11⁄2, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64(0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ho feta 11⁄2 ho isa ho 4, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 4 ho isa ho 8, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄16(0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 8 ho isa ho 12, ho kenyeletsoa | 3⁄32(0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta lilemo tse 12 | ± 1% ea Tse Boletsweng | |||
Tshebetso ea tlhahiso:
A335 e etselitsoe ho latela boemo ba lisebelisoa tsa phaephe ea tšepe ea Tianjin le litšobotsi tsaA335 P9Ts'ebetso ea ho hlahisa teko ea tšepe ea P9 ea phala ea tšepe e se nang sekoli:Ho etsa tšepe ka sebōpi sa arc ka motlakase → ho hloekisa ladle → ho tlosa khase ka vacuum → ho lahla die → tube blank forging → tube blank annealing → tube blank heating → tube blank heating → oblique piercing → PQF continuous tube rolling mill tube rolling → three-roll size → cooling bed cooling → tube end Ho ya ka seha → steel pipe optimize → magnetic flux dutla detection → heat treatment → straightening → ultrasonic detection → hydraulic testing → die casting → ultrasonic detection → hydraulic test → size and view test → storage.
mokhoa oa tlhahiso：
| Nomoro ea ntho | mokhoa oa tlhahiso | Taolo ea Ketso le Boleng | |||
| 1 | Seboka sa pele ho tlhahlobo | Metsotso ea seboka | |||
| 2 | ASEA-SKF | Fetola sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale | |||
| *Tlhahlobo ea metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale | |||||
| *mocheso oa ho qhibiliha | |||||
| 3 | CCM | billet | |||
| 4 | Tlhahlobo ea thepa e tala | Tlhahlobo e se nang letho le netefatso ea boleng | |||
| *Boemo ba ponahalo: Bokaholimo ba billet ha boa lokela ho ba le diphoso tse kang maqeba, slag, di-pinhole, mapetso, jj. Di-imprint, di-denture le di-pit ha di a lokela ho feta 2.5mm | |||||
| 5 | Ho futhumatsa ho se nang letho | Ho futhumatsa li-billet ka sebōping sa rotary | |||
| *Laola mocheso o futhumatsang | |||||
| 6 | ho phunyeha ha phaephe | Phunya ka ho otla ka poleiti ea tataiso/tataiso | |||
| *Laola mocheso ha o phunya | |||||
| * Laola boholo ka mor'a ho phunyeha | |||||
| 7 | E Chesang e Phutholohileng | Ho phutholoha ho chesang ka har'a li-tube tse tsoelang pele | |||
| *Beha botenya ba lebota la phaephe | |||||
| 8 | Boholo | Laola bophara ba kantle le litekanyo tsa botenya ba lebota | |||
| * Ho sebetsa ka bophara bo felletseng ba kantle | |||||
| * Ho lokisa botenya ba lebota ka botlalo | |||||
| 9 | metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale | Tlhahlobo ea metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale | |||
| * Mekhoa ea ho amohela sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale li lokela ho tlalehoa bukeng ea lintho tse bonahalang. | |||||
| 10 | Ho Tloaela + ho Tekanya | Kalafo ea mocheso (ho etsa hore e be boemong bo tloaelehileng) e etsoa ka mor'a ho phutholoha ho chesang. Kalafo ea mocheso e lokela ho ela hloko ho laola mocheso le nako. | |||
| Kamora kalafo ea mocheso, thepa ea mechini ea sehlahisoa e lokela ho fihlela maemo a ASTM A335 | |||||
| 11 | ho pholisa moea | Bethe e phodileng mohato ka mohato | |||
| 12 | ho saga | Ho sakha ka bolelele bo boletsoeng | |||
| * Taolo ea bolelele ba phaephe ea tšepe | |||||
| 13 | Ho otloloha (haeba ho hlokahala) | E laola ho batalla. | |||
| Kamora ho otlolla, ho otloloha ho lokela ho tsamaellana le ASTM A335 | |||||
| 14 | Tlhahlobo le Kamohelo | Tlhahlobo ea Ponahalo le ea Dimension | |||
| *Mamello a tekanyo ea tšepe a lokela ho lumellana le ASTM A999 | |||||
| Ela Hloko: Mamello ea bophara ba kantle: ± 0.75%D | |||||
| *Tlhahlobo ea ponahalo e lokela ho etsoa ka bonngoe ho latela maemo a ASTM A999 ho qoba bokaholimo bo bobe | |||||
| 15 | ho lemoha liphoso | *Mmele oohle oa phaephe ea tšepe o lokela ho hlahlojoa ka ultrasound bakeng sa liphoso tsa bolelele ho latela ISO9303/E213 | |||
| Teko ea ultrasound: | |||||
| 16 | Teko ea thepa ea mechini | (1) Teko ea ho tensile (longitudinal) le teko ea ho batalatsa | |||
| Maqhubu a tlhahlobo | 5%/batch, bonyane lipeipi tse 2 | ||||
| Bonyane | Boholo | ||||
| P9 | Matla a Tekanyo (Mpa) | 205 | |||
| matla a ho thapolla (MPa) | 415 | ||||
| Ho lelefatsa | Ho latela maemo a ASTM A335 | ||||
| Teko ea ho batalla | Ho latela maemo a ASTM A999 | ||||
| (2) Teko ea ho thatafala | |||||
| Makgetlo a teko: a tshwana le teko ya ho tsikinyeha | Sengoathoana se le seng/sehlopha | ||||
| HV&HRC | ≤250HV10&≤25 HRC HV10≤250&HRC≤25 | ||||
| Ela Hloko: Tekanyetso ea teko ea ho thatafala ha Vickers: ISO6507 kapa ASTM E92; | |||||
| Tekanyetso ea teko ea ho thatafala ha Rockwell: ISO6508 kapa ASTM E18 | |||||
| 17 | NDT | Phaephe e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tšepe e lokela ho lekoa ho latela litlhoko tsa mekhoa ea liteko E213, E309 kapa E570. | |||
| 18 | teko ea khatello ea metsi | Teko ea hydrostatic ho latela ASTM A999, khatello ea teko | |||
| 19 | bevel | Ho bevel ho lumellanang ha lipheletso ka bobeli tsa phaephe ea tšepe ho latela ASTM B16.25setšoantšo sa 3(a) | |||
| 20 | Tekanyo ea boima le bolelele | *Mamello ea boima bo le bong: -6%~ +4%. | |||
| 21 | Tekanyetso ea liphaephe | Karolo e ka ntle ea phaephe ea tšepe e lokela ho fafatsoa ho latela maemo a ASTM A335 le litlhoko tsa bareki. Likahare tsa matšoao ke tse latelang: | |||
| “Boima ba Bolelele TPCO ASTM A335 Litekanyo tsa Likhoeli tsa Selemo P9 S LT**C ***MPa/NDE Nomoro ea Mocheso Nomoro ea Lotho Nomoro ea Tube | |||||
| 22 | pentiloe | Karolo e ka ntle ea phaephe e pentiloe ho latela maemo a fektheri | |||
| 23 | sekwahelo sa pheletso ea phaephe | **Ho lokela hore ho be le dikoahelo tsa polasetiki dipheletsong tse pedi tsa phaephe ka nngwe | |||
| 24 | lenane la thepa | *Buka ea thepa e lokela ho fanoa ho latela EN10204 3.1. ”Lengolo la PO la Moreki le lokela ho bontšoa bukeng ea thepa. | |||
ASTM A335 P11 ke phaephe e nang le mocheso o phahameng oa ferritic e se nang seamless ea tšepe ea maemo a Amerika. Tube ea motsoako ke mofuta oa tube ea tšepe e se nang sekoli, ts'ebetso ea eona e phahame haholo ho feta tube ea tšepe e se nang sekoli e akaretsang, hobane mofuta ona oa tube ea tšepe o na le C e ngata, ts'ebetso e ka tlase ho tube ea tšepe e se nang sekoli e tloaelehileng, kahoo tube ea motsoako e sebelisoa haholo peteroleng, lifofaneng, lik'hemik'hale, motlakase, boiler, sesole le liindasteri tse ling.
Kakaretso
| Maemo a Tloaelehileng:ASTM A335 | Motsoako Kapa Che: Motsoako |
| Sehlopha sa Sehlopha: P11 | Kopo: Pipe ea Boiler |
| Botenya: 1 - 100 mm | Phekolo ea Bokaholimo: Joalokaha ho Hlokahala Moreki |
| Bophara ba Kantle (Kgokolo): 10 - 1000 Mm | Mokhoa: E Chesitsoeng ka Mocheso/ E Huloa ka Batang |
| Bolelele: Bolelele bo sa Fetoheng Kapa Bolelele bo sa Ratehang | Kalafo ea Mocheso: Ho Hloekisa/Ho Lumella/Ho Tempera |
| Sebopeho sa Karolo: Se chitja | Pipe e ikhethang: Pipe e teteaneng ea lebota |
| Sebaka sa Tšimoloho: Chaena | Tšebeliso: Phaephe ea Mouoane ea Khatello e Phahameng, Boiler le Mochini o Chesang |
| Setifikeiti: ISO9001:2008 | Teko: ET/UT |
Karolo ea Lik'hemik'hale
Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moedi bakeng sa ho petsoha ha peterole
| C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | |
| P11 | 0.05-0.15 | 0.5-1.00 | 0.30-0.61 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.00-1.50 | 0.44-0.65 |
Thepa ea Mechini
| Matlo | Lintlha |
| Matla a ho thapolla, bonyane, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Matla a tlhahiso, bonyane, (MPa) | 205Mpa |
Kalafo ea Mocheso
|
Sehlopha | Mofuta oa Phekolo ea Mocheso | Boemo ba Mocheso bo Tloaelehileng F [C] | Ho Hlophisa kapa ho Tempera ka Botlalo |
| P5, P9, P11, le P22 | |||
| A335 P11 | Anneal e Felletseng Kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Boemo ba 'Mele | ***** | 1250[650] |
Mamello
Bakeng sa Phaephe e Laetsoeng ho ea Bophara ba Ka Hare, Bophara ba Ka Hare bo ke ke ba Fetoha ho Feta ± 1% ho tloha Bophara ba Ka Hare bo Boletsweng
Liphetoho tse Lumellehang ka Bophara ba Kantle
| Moqapi oa NPS | Mamello e ntle | mamello e mpe | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8ho isa ho 11⁄2, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64(0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ho feta 11⁄2 ho isa ho 4, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 4 ho isa ho 8, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄16(0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 8 ho isa ho 12, ho kenyeletsoa | 3⁄32(0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta lilemo tse 12 | ± 1% ea Tse Boletsweng | |||
ASTM A335 P22ke phaephe ea tšepe ea motsoako o se nang sekoli bakeng sa tšebeliso ea ferritic ea mocheso o phahameng. Phaephe ea motsoako ke mofuta oa phaephe ea tšepe e se nang sekoli, ts'ebetso ea eona e phahame haholo ho feta phaephe ea tšepe e se nang sekoli e akaretsang, hobane mofuta ona oa phaephe ea tšepe o na le C e ngata, ts'ebetso e ka tlase ho phaephe ea tšepe e se nang sekoli e tloaelehileng, kahoo phaephe ea motsoako e sebelisoa haholo peteroleng, lifofaneng, lik'hemik'hale, motlakase, boiler, sesole le liindasteri tse ling.
Kakaretso
| Maemo a Tloaelehileng:ASTM A335 | Motsoako Kapa Che: Motsoako |
| Sehlopha sa Sehlopha: P22 | Kopo: Pipe ea Boiler |
| Botenya: 1 - 100 mm | Phekolo ea Bokaholimo: Joalokaha ho Hlokahala Moreki |
| Bophara ba Kantle (Kgokolo): 10 - 1000 Mm | Mokhoa: E Chesitsoeng ka Mocheso/ E Huloa ka Batang |
| Bolelele: Bolelele bo sa Fetoheng Kapa Bolelele bo sa Ratehang | Kalafo ea Mocheso: Ho Hloekisa/Ho Lumella/Ho Tempera |
| Sebopeho sa Karolo: Se chitja | Pipe e ikhethang: Pipe e teteaneng ea lebota |
| Sebaka sa Tšimoloho: Chaena | Tšebeliso: Phaephe ea Mouoane ea Khatello e Phahameng, Boiler le Mochini o Chesang |
| Setifikeiti: ISO9001:2008 | Teko: ET/UT |
Karolo ea Lik'hemik'hale
Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moedi bakeng sa ho petsoha ha peterole
| C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | |
| P22 | 0.05-0.15 | 0.5 | 0.30-0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.90-2.60 | 0.87-1.13 |
Thepa ea Mechini
| Matlo | Lintlha |
| Matla a ho thapolla, bonyane, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Matla a tlhahiso, bonyane, (MPa) | 205Mpa |
Kalafo ea Mocheso
|
Sehlopha | Mofuta oa Phekolo ea Mocheso | Boemo ba Mocheso bo Tloaelehileng F [C] | Ho Hlophisa kapa ho Tempera ka Botlalo |
| P5, P9, P11, le P22 | |||
| A335 P22 | Anneal e Felletseng Kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Boemo ba 'Mele | ***** | 1250[650] |
Mamello
Bakeng sa Phaephe e Laetsoeng ho ea Bophara ba Ka Hare, Bophara ba Ka Hare bo ke ke ba Fetoha ho Feta ± 1% ho tloha Bophara ba Ka Hare bo Boletsweng
Liphetoho tse Lumellehang ka Bophara ba Kantle
| Moqapi oa NPS | Mamello e ntle | mamello e mpe | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8ho isa ho 11⁄2, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64(0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ho feta 11⁄2 ho isa ho 4, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 4 ho isa ho 8, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄16(0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 8 ho isa ho 12, ho kenyeletsoa | 3⁄32(0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta lilemo tse 12 | ± 1% ea Tse Boletsweng | |||
A335 P22 ke tšepe ea ferritic ea 2.25Cr-1Mo ea Chromium-molybdenum e nang le mocheso o phahameng bakeng sa liboiler le li-superheater,ASTM A335/A335Mtekanyetso. Ka 1985, e ile ea fetisetsoa ho GB5310 'me ea rehoa 12Cr2MoG. Linaha tse ling li na le limaraka tse tšoanang tsa tšepe, joalo ka Rephaboliki ea Federale ea Jeremane 10CrMo910 le Japane STBA24. Letotong la tšepe la cr-1Mo, matla a eona a mocheso a phahame haholo, tlas'a mocheso o tšoanang (mocheso).≤580℃) matla a eona a ho robeha ha screw le khatello e lumellehang li phahame le ho feta tšepe ea 9CR-1Mo, 'me e na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea ho tjheseletsa, polasetiki e ntle e tšoarellang. Ka hona, e sebelisitsoe haholo tikolohong e thata ea mosebetsi, joalo ka matla a mocheso, matla a nyutlelie le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa haeterojene liphaepheng tse fapaneng tsa ho futhumatsa le lijana tsa khatello e phahameng.
Mocheso o dumelletsweng: A335P22 (SA-213T22) e sebediswa haholoholo ho 300,600MW le mocheso o mong o moholo wa lebota la boiler ya setsi sa motlakase.≤580℃mocheso oa lebota la superheater le tube & LT;540℃Pipe ea mouoane oa leboteng le hlooho, mofuta ona oa tšepe o 'nile oa sebelisoa haholo United States, Japane le Europe, o na le nalane e telele ea ts'ebetso ea lifeme tsa motlakase, ke ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng, ts'ebetso e ntle ea ts'ebetso ea tšepe e hōlileng tsebong.
Tšepe ea 12Cr1MoV ke ea tšepe ea vanadium ea chromium-molybdenum vanadium, e sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa phaephe ea tšepe ea 12Cr1MoV/GB5310. E sebelisoa haholo, ke mocheso oa 480℃~580℃Sebaka se nang le mocheso o phahameng se nang le e 'ngoe ea thepa e ngata. Mocheso oa ts'ebeletso ea tube ea tšepe ea 12Cr1MoVG: e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa tšepe e kholo ea tube ea superheater, header le steam ea boiler ea khatello e phahameng eo mocheso oa lebota la tube o leng ka tlase ho kapa o lekanang le 580℃.
Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso: Teko ea ho tiea:
1. Ho phutholla ho chesang (thupa ea tšepe e se nang seamless e ntšitsoeng): tube e chitja billet → ho futhumatsa → ho phunyeletsa → ho phutholla sefapano sa meqolo e meraro, ho phutholla ho tsoelang pele kapa ho ntša → ho hlobola tube → boholo (kapa ho fokotsa) → ho pholisa → ho otlolla → teko ea khatello ea metsi (kapa ho lemoha sekoli) → ho tšoaea → polokelo
2. Thupa ea tšepe e se nang moedi e hulang ka mokhoa o batang: thupa e chitja e hulang ka mokhoa o chitja → ho futhumatsa → ho phunyeletsa → hlooho → ho annealing → ho pickling → ho tlotsa oli (ho penta ka koporo) → ho hula ka mokhoa o batang ka makhetlo a mangata (ho penta ka mokhoa o batang) → thupa e se nang letho → kalafo ea mocheso → ho otlolla → teko ea khatello ea metsi (ho lemoha liphoso) → ho tšoaea → polokelo
Pakete:
Ho paka/ho paka ka bongata/ho paka ka mabokose/tšireletso ea lehong mahlakoreng ka bobeli a lipeipi 'me ho sirelelitsoe ka nepo bakeng sa ho tlisoa ka tsela e loketseng leoatleng kapa kamoo ho kopiloeng kateng.
Kakaretso
Phaephe e tloaelehileng ea boiler tube ea mocheso o phahameng ea P92 e se nang mokelikeli.
| Maemo a Tloaelehileng:ASTM A335 | Motsoako Kapa Che: Motsoako |
| Sehlopha sa Sehlopha: P92 | Kopo: Pipe ea Boiler |
| Botenya: 1 - 100 mm | Phekolo ea Bokaholimo: Joalokaha ho Hlokahala Moreki |
| Bophara ba Kantle (Kgokolo): 10 - 1000 Mm | Mokhoa: E Chesitsoeng ka Mocheso/ E Huloa ka Batang |
| Bolelele: Bolelele bo sa Fetoheng Kapa Bolelele bo sa Ratehang | Kalafo ea Mocheso: Ho Hloekisa/Ho Lumella/Ho Tempera |
| Sebopeho sa Karolo: Se chitja | Pipe e ikhethang: Pipe e teteaneng ea lebota |
| Sebaka sa Tšimoloho: Chaena | Tšebeliso: Phaephe ea Mouoane ea Khatello e Phahameng, Boiler le Mochini o Chesang |
| Setifikeiti: ISO9001:2008 | Teko: ET/UT |
Karolo ea Lik'hemik'hale
Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moedi bakeng sa ho petsoha ha peterole
| C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | |
| P92 | 0.07-0.13 | 0.5 | 0.30-0.60 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 8.50-9.5 | 0.30-0.60 |
Thepa ea Mechini
| Matlo | Lintlha |
| Matla a ho thapolla, bonyane, (MPa) | 620 Mpa |
| Matla a tlhahiso, bonyane, (MPa) | 440Mpa |
Kalafo ea Mocheso
|
Sehlopha | Mofuta oa Phekolo ea Mocheso | Boemo ba Mocheso bo Tloaelehileng F [C] | Ho Hlophisa kapa ho Tempera ka Botlalo |
| P5, P9, P11, le P22 | |||
| A335 P92 | Anneal e Felletseng Kapa e Isothermal | ||
| Tloaelana le Boemo ba 'Mele | ***** | 1250[675] |
Mamello
Bakeng sa Phaephe e Laetsoeng ho ea Bophara ba Ka Hare, Bophara ba Ka Hare bo ke ke ba Fetoha ho Feta ± 1% ho tloha Bophara ba Ka Hare bo Boletsweng
Liphetoho tse Lumellehang ka Bophara ba Kantle
| Moqapi oa NPS | Mamello e ntle | mamello e mpe | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8ho isa ho 11⁄2, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64(0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ho feta 11⁄2 ho isa ho 4, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 4 ho isa ho 8, ho kenyeletsoa | 1⁄16(0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta 8 ho isa ho 12, ho kenyeletsoa | 3⁄32(0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32(0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ho feta lilemo tse 12 | ± 1% ea Tse Boletsweng | |||
