— Sanonpipe, Amintaccen Mai Kayatar da Kayayyakin Bututu Mara Sumul ga Masu Sauya Wutar Lantarki da Masu Canja Wuta

I. Bayani Kan Tsarin Daidaitacce

A fannin kayan aikin musayar zafi kamar su boilers, masu musayar zafi, da masu sanyaya zafi, tsarin ma'aunin ASTM an amince da shi a duk duniya a matsayin takamaiman tsari. Daga cikinsu,ASTM A179, A192, da A210su ne ƙa'idodi guda uku mafi mahimmanci ga samfuran bututun ƙarfe marasa matsala, waɗanda suka shafi ƙananan ƙarfe masu ƙarancin carbon da matsakaicin carbon don ma'aunin matsin lamba daban-daban da yanayin zafin jiki.

Duk ƙa'idodi uku suna ƙarƙashin ikon Kwamitin ASTM A01 da kuma nassoshiASTM A450/A450Ma matsayin tsarin buƙatun fasaha na gama gari, wanda ke samar da tsarin matakai biyu: "Matsayin Bukatun Gabaɗaya + Matsayin Samfura na Musamman". Sashe na 9 na A450/A450M ("Bambance-bambancen da aka Yarda a Kauri a Bango") da Tebur na 2 mai dacewa sune tushen doka guda ɗaya don tantance juriyar kauri bango ga bututu a ƙarƙashin waɗannan ƙa'idodi uku. Fahimtar bambance-bambancen su da alaƙar su yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar kayan da suka dace, yin ambato daidai, da kuma guje wa matsalolin inganci.

II. Kwatanta Matsayin Jigo na Ma'auni Uku

Bangare	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210
Cikakken Lakabi	Bututun Sauya Zafi da Na'urar Kwandon Na'urar Kwandon Na'urar Kwandon Na'urar Sanyi Mai Sauƙi	Bututun Boiler na Carbon Karfe mara sumul don Sabis mai Matsi Mai Girma	Tukwane na Boiler da Superheater mara sumul-Matsakaici-Carbon Steel
Babban Aikace-aikacen	Masu musayar zafi, na'urorin sanyaya zafi, da makamantan na'urorin canja wurin zafi	Bututun tukunyar jirgi mai matsin lamba da bututun zafi mai ƙarfi	Bututun tukunya, bututun bututun hayaki, bututun baka, da bututun hita mai zafi
Nau'in Kayan Aiki	Ƙaramin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon(mai sanyi)	Karfe mai carbon(babu sumul)	Karfe mai matsakaicin carbon(babu sumul)
Matsayin Matsi	Ƙaranci / matsakaicin matsin lamba	Babban matsin lamba	Matsakaici / Matsi Mai Girma
Yanayin Zafin Jiki	≤ 450°C	Babban matsin lamba, babban zafin jiki	Zafin jiki matsakaici zuwa babba (gami da na'urorin dumama mai zafi)
Tsarin Masana'antu	Sanyi kawai	Ba shi da sumul (wanda aka gama da zafi ko kuma wanda aka yi da sanyi)	Ba shi da sumul (wanda aka gama da zafi ko kuma wanda aka yi da sanyi)
Maki da ake da su	A179	A192	Darasi na A-1, Darasi na C
Girman Girma (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Kwatanta Sinadaran da Aka Haɗa

Sinadarin	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 A-1	ASTM A210 Kashi C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Man (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
P (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

An bayyana manyan bambance-bambancen:

Yawan sinadarin carbon– A179 da A192 duka ƙarfe ne marasa carbon (0.06-0.18%), suna ba da kyakkyawan ƙarfin walda; A210 ƙarfe ne mai matsakaicin carbon (Matsakaicin C har zuwa 0.35%), yana ba da ƙarfi mafi girma amma ƙarancin ƙarfin walda.

Abubuwan da ke cikin silicon– A210 ya buƙaci silicon (≥0.10%) a bayyane don inganta juriya ga iskar shaka da ƙarfin zafin jiki mai yawa, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga aikin dumama mai zafi.

Tsafta– A192 yana da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri kan phosphorus da sulfur (≤0.025%) idan aka kwatanta da A179 (≤0.035%), wanda ke tabbatar da inganci mafi girma ga aikace-aikacen matsin lamba mai yawa.

IV. Kwatanta Halayen Inji

Kadara	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 A-1	ASTM A210 Kashi C
Ƙarfin Taurin Kai (MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Ƙarfin Yawa (MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Tsawaita (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Taurin kai (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

An bayyana manyan bambance-bambancen:

Matakan ƙarfi– A179 da A192 suna da ƙarfi iri ɗaya (ƙarfin ≥325 MPa); A210 Grade A-1 yana ba da ƙarfi kusan kashi 28% mafi girma (≥415 MPa), yayin da Grade C ya kai ≥485 MPa.

Kula da tauri– Taurin yana ƙaruwa da matakin ƙarfi: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Daraja A-1 ≤79 HRB, Daraja C ≤89 HRB.

Dabaru na zaɓi- Mafi girman yanayin zafi da matsin lamba suna buƙatar kayan aiki masu ƙarfi.

V. Kwatanta Juriyar Diamita ta Waje

Duk ƙa'idodi uku sun rungumi tsarin jure wa OD mai daidaito, bisa ga ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Bututun da aka yi wa sanyi/wanda aka gama da sanyi (Ana amfani da su ga A179, A192, da A210)

Nisan OD (mm)	Juriyar OD (mm)	Ka'idojin da suka dace
≤ 25.4	±0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	±0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	±0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	±0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	±0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	±0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Lura:Ga bututun da ba su da santsi, mafi tsaurin juriya (±0.10 mm) ya shafi OD ≤25.4 mm, tare da juriya a hankali yana sassauta yayin da OD ke ƙaruwa. Sama da 101.6 mm, haƙurin ya zama tabbatacce ga gefe ɗaya (ana ba da izinin girma kawai, tare da iyakataccen girman ƙasa).

5.2 Bututun da aka gama da zafi (Ana amfani da su a A192 da A210)

Nisan OD (mm)	Juriyar OD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Lura:Bututun da aka gama da zafi suna da sassaucin juriyar OD fiye da bututun da aka ja da sanyi, tare da rarrabawar "mai kyau-girma, mara kyau-ƙarami" mara daidaituwa. A179 ya ba da umarnin ƙera injin da aka ja da sanyi, don haka ba ya haɗa da haƙurin OD da aka gama da zafi.

VI. Kwatanta Juriyar Kauri a Bango

6.1 Bututun da aka ja da sanyi/wanda aka gama da sanyi (Ainihin A179, wanda kuma ya dace da A192/A210)

ASTM A179 ya buƙaci bututun ƙarfe marasa carbon masu sanyi, kuma tsarin jure wa kauri na bango kamar haka:

Nisan OD (mm)	Juriyar Kauri a Bango
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Lura:Bututun da aka ja da sanyi suna dahaƙuri mai kyau na gefe ɗaya- ana barin kauri na bango ya zama mai kauri, amma ba ya taɓa yin siriri ba. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa akwai iyaka ta aminci ga sabis mai ƙarfi. Kowane ma'aunin da aka auna dole ne ya faɗi tsakanin kauri na asali da kashi 120% na asali;an haramta karkacewar korau sosai.

6.2 Juriyar Kauri a Bango Mai Zafi (A192 / A210)

Bututun da aka gama da zafi suna bin A450/A450M:

Nisan Kauri na Bango (mm)	Juriyar Kauri a Bango
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Lura:Bututun da aka gama da zafi suma suna amfani da juriya mai kyau ta gefe ɗaya (mai kauri kawai), amma iyakokin sama sun fi na bututun da aka ja da sanyi. Ga kauri na bango na gama gari (>4.6 mm), ƙarewar zafi yana ba da damar +28%/-0%, yayin da zanen sanyi yana ba da damar +20~22%/-0% kawai.Sanyi mai jan hankali yana ba da daidaiton sarrafa kauri na bango mai kyau.

6.3 Takaitaccen Bayani game da Juriyar Kauri a Bango ga Duk Ma'auni Uku

Tsarin Masana'antu	Nisan OD	Juriyar Kauri a Bango
Jirgin da aka sanyaya (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
Jirgin da aka sanyaya (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
An gama da zafi (A192/A210)	Duk kauri	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Bukatun Tsarin Kera da Gwaji

7.1 Tsarin Kera

ASTM A179– Yana buƙatar a bayyanesanyi-jawoƙera, sannan a yi amfani da zafi a zafin da bai kai ƙasa da 650°C ba bayan an gama amfani da sanyi.

ASTM A192- Tsarin da ba shi da sumul; ana iya yiwa alama a matsayin wanda aka gama da zafi ko kuma wanda aka ja da sanyi.

ASTM A210- Tsarin da ba shi da sumul; ana iya yiwa alama a matsayin wanda aka gama da zafi ko wanda aka zana da sanyi; dole ne a sanya kayan a cikiƙarfe da aka kashe.

7.2 Bukatun Gwaji

Duk ƙa'idodi uku suna buƙatar gwaje-gwaje masu zuwa:

Gwajin Faɗin Ƙasa

Gwajin Ƙwaƙwalwa

Gwajin Tauri

Gwajin Hydrostatic ko Gwajin Wutar Lantarki mara halakarwa

Bugu da ƙari, bututun zafi mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin A210 dole ne su cika buƙatun yin aiki kamarwalƙiya, beads, ƙirƙira, walda, da lanƙwasawa.

VIII. Bishiyar Shawarar Zaɓin Kayan Aiki