I. Te Whakataurite i ngā Āhuatanga me ngā Painga o ngā Paerewa e Toru mō ngā Paipa Rino Kore-Tuitui

API 5LHe mea hanga motuhake te paipa raina mō te kawe hinu me te hau māori. E rua ngā momo e wātea ana, ko te PSL1 me te PSL2, ā, he maha ngā momo maitai e whai ana i ngā whakaritenga pakari pānga me ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau kore-whakangaro whānui. Ko ōna painga ko te pakari pāmahana-iti me te āheinga whakarewa, e pai ai mō ngā taiao kawe pēhanga teitei, ā, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana e te umanga hinu o te ao.

ASTM A53He paipa maitai waro whānui tēnei, e wātea ana i ngā taumata e rua, arā, ko te A me te B. He ngāwari ngā whakaritenga hanganga matū, ā, he ngāwari hoki ngā whakaritenga āhuatanga ā-mīhini. Ko ōna painga ko te nui o te utu, te ngāwari ki te tukatuka, te whānuitanga o ngā tono, me te nui o te tuku mākete.

ASTM A106He mea hanga motuhake mō te mahi pāmahana teitei, ā, e toru ngā taumata e wātea ana, arā, A, B, me C. He nui ake te ihirangi waro, he pai rawa te mahi pāmahana teitei, ā, he pai hoki te ātete ki te waikura, e tika ana mō ngā taiao pāmahana teitei pērā i ngā kohua tipu hiko. He kaha ake anō hoki tōna i te A53.

II. Te Tātari Hōhonu o ngā Horopaki Whakamahinga

Ko te API 5L te mea nui e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā paipa tuku hinu me te hau māori, ngā paipa kohikohi, me ngā whatunga pūnga hau o te tāone. He pai mō ngā taiao pēhanga teitei, pāmahana iti, me te waikura, engari kāore e pai mō ngā tono hanganga whānui. He pai te ASTM A53 mō ngā tono hanganga kore-tino i ngā pāmahana noa me ngā pēhanga iti, pērā i ngā hanganga whare, te hanga mīhini, te kawe wai pēhanga iti, me te whakamakuku ahuwhenua. Kāore e pai mō ngā tono me ngā whakaritenga ru pāmahana teitei, pēhanga teitei, pāmahana iti rānei. He pai te ASTM A106 mō ngā taiao mamaoa pāmahana teitei, pēhanga teitei, pērā i ngā kohua tipu hiko, ngā whakamahana nui, ngā whakawhiti wera, me ngā paipa tukatuka pāmahana teitei. Kāore e pai mō ngā taiao pāmahana iti, ngā pāpāho waikura nui rānei.

III. Tātaritanga Mākete o te Ao

E whakaatu ana ngā au o te kawemai i waenga i te tau 2020 ki te tau 2023 i te tipu ā-tau toharite o te 4.2% mō ngā kawemai API 5L, he hekenga 3.8% mō ngā kawemai A53, me ngā kawemai A106 pumau. Kua piki ake te ōwehenga o ngā kawemai maitai kounga teitei ki te 35%.

IV. Ngā Painga Whakataetae o ngā Kaweake Paipa Rino a Haina

He nui ngā painga o ngā paipa rino kaweake a Haina puta noa i te mekameka ahumahi katoa. Hei turanga hanga rino nui rawa atu o te ao, e whakamanamana ana a Haina ki tētahi mekameka tuku rauemi mata whānui me tētahi mekameka ahumahi katoa mai i te hanga rino ki te tukatuka hohonu. Mō te kaha whakaputa me te hangarau, e whakamanamana ana a Haina ki tētahi kaha whakaputa paipa kore hononga ā-tau neke atu i te 20 miriona tana. Kei te kamupene te hangarau whakaputa mō ngā kounga rino kounga teitei pērā i te X80/X90, ā, e whakamanamana ana ki te maha o ngā mira paipa tonu matatau rawa atu o te ao. Mō te whai hua o te utu, ko ngā utu mahi tata ki te kotahi-hautoru o ērā i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika, ka hua ake he painga utu 15-20% mai i ngā ōhanga tauine, ā, he 30% te tere ake o ngā huringa tuku i te toharite o te ao.

E 45% o te hokohoko paipa tuimotu o te ao e ahu mai ana i te mākete paipa rino o Haina, neke atu i te 60% o te mākete i te Middle East me te 70% o ngā mākete waenga me te iti i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia. E 55% o ana hua kaweake e ahu mai ana i te API 5L, ko te A53/A106 e ahu mai ana i te 30%, ā, e piki haere ana te ōwehenga o ngā hua tāpiri uara nui i ia tau.

V. Tohutohu Ngaio

Mō te rautaki hoko, ko ngā kaupapa hinu me te hau te mea nuiAPI 5L PSL2hua. Mō ngā tono hanganga whānui, ko te A53 te ōwehenga utu-mahi pai rawa atu, ko te A106 Grade B, teitei ake rānei, he mea nui mō ngā tono pāmahana teitei. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi kaiwhakarato, manatokohia ngā tiwhikete whai mana, aromatawaihia ngā āheinga whakahaere whakaputa tuturu, tirohia te mahi kaupapa nui, me te arotahi ki ngā āheinga whakamātautau NDT o te wheketere. I te wā e mahi tahi ana me ngā kaiwhakarato Hainamana, e taunakihia ana kia whiriwhiria ngā kamupene matua he wheako kaweake, whakamāramahia ngā whakaritenga paerewa hangarau, whakanuia ngā whakaritenga tirotiro a te hunga tuatoru, me te whakamahi i ō rātou āheinga whakaritenga whakaputa ngāwari.