— Sanonpipe, Tō Kaiwhakarato Pono mō ngā Ngongo Tuitui mō ngā Poiler me ngā Whakawhiti Wera

I. Tirohanga Whānui o te Pūnaha Paerewa

I roto i te mara o ngā taputapu whakawhiti wera pēnei i ngā kohua, ngā whakawhiti wera, me ngā whakapūmau, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana te pūnaha paerewa ASTM hei whakaritenga mana puta noa i te ao. I roto i ēnei,ASTM A179, A192, me A210Ko ngā paerewa hua e toru tino hira mō ngā ngongo maitai tui kore, e kapi ana i ngā maitai waro-iti me ngā maitai waro-waenga mō ngā whakatauranga pehanga me ngā āhuatanga pāmahana rerekē.

Kei raro i te mana whakahaere o te Komiti ASTM A01 ngā paerewa e toru, ā, ko te tohutoroASTM A450/A450Mhei anga whakaritenga hangarau noa, e hanga ana i tētahi pūnaha taumata rua: "Paerewa Whakaritenga Whānui + Paerewa Motuhake Hua". Ko te Wāhanga 9 o A450/A450M ("Ngā Rerekētanga Whakaaetia o te Matotoru Pakitara") me tana Ripanga 2 e rite ana koia anake te pūtake ture mō te whakatau i ngā manawanui matotoru pakitara mō ngā ngongo i raro i ēnei paerewa e toru. Ko te mārama ki ō rātou rerekētanga me ngā whanaungatanga he mea nui mō te whiriwhiri rauemi tika, te whakahua tika, me te karo i ngā take kounga.

II. Te Whakataurite i te Tūnga Matua o ngā Paerewa e Toru

Āhuatanga	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210
Taitara Katoa	Ngā Ngongo Whakawhiti Wera me te Whakakōkī Rino Waro-Iti, Kore-Tuitui	Ngā Ngongo Paera Waro Kore-Tuitui mō te Ratonga Pēhanga-Teitei	Ngā Ngongo Paipa me ngā Ngongo Whakamahana Nui o te Paipa Waro-Waenga Kore Tuitui
Taupānga Matua	Ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā whakapūmau wera, me ngā taputapu whakawhiti wera rite	Ngā ngongo poihau pēhanga-teitei me ngā ngongo whakamahana-rahi	Ngā ngongo kōhua, ngā ngongo paipa, ngā ngongo āwhata, me ngā ngongo whakamahana nui
Momo Rauemi	maitai waro-iti(tāia-makariri)	maitai waro(kore hononga)	maitai waro-waenga(kore hononga)
Whakatauranga Pēhanga	Pēhanga iti/waenga	Te pēhanga teitei	Pēhanga waenga / teitei
Awhe Pāmahana	≤ 450°C	Ratonga pēhanga teitei, pāmahana teitei	Te pāmahana waenga-ki-teitei (tae atu ki ngā whakamahana nui)
Tukanga Hanga	I tāia mātao anake	Kore-tuitui (tuhi-wera, tuhi-matao rānei)	Kore-tuitui (tuhi-wera, tuhi-matao rānei)
Ngā Tohu e Wātea ana	A179	A192	Taumata A-1, Taumata C
Awhe Rahi (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Te Whakataurite i te Hanganga Matū

Huānga	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Tau A-1	ASTM A210 Tau C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Mn (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
P (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

Ngā rerekētanga matua i whakamāramahia:

Te ihirangi waro– He maitai waro-iti te A179 me te A192 (0.06-0.18%), ā, he tino pai te āhua o te whakarewa; he maitai waro-waenga te A210 (Taumata C tae atu ki te 0.35%), ā, he kaha ake engari he iti ake te āhua o te whakarewa.

Te ihirangi o te silicon– Me tino hiahiatia te silicon (≥0.10%) mō te A210 hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura me te kaha ki te pāmahana teitei, he mea nui tēnei mō te mahi whakamahana nui.

Te horoi– He kaha ake ngā herenga o te A192 mō te whākawa me te whanariki (≤0.025%) ki te whakaritea ki te A179 (≤0.035%), kia pai ake ai te kounga mō ngā tono pēhanga teitei.

IV. Te Whakataurite i ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Mīhini

Taonga	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Tau A-1	ASTM A210 Tau C
Kaha Kume (MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Kaha Hua (MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Te roa (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Te pakeketanga (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

Ngā rerekētanga matua i whakamāramahia:

Ngā taumata kaha– He rite tonu te kaha o te A179 me te A192 (te kume ≥325 MPa); he 28% te kaha teitei ake o te A210 Grade A-1 (≥415 MPa), ko te Grade C ia e eke ana ki te ≥485 MPa.

Whakahaere pakeketanga– Ka piki ake te pakeketanga me te taumata kaha: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Taumata A-1 ≤79 HRB, Taumata C ≤89 HRB.

Arorau kōwhiringa– Ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga mahi teitei ake e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi kaha ake.

V. Te Whakataurite i ngā Ātete ki te Diameter o Waho

E whakamahi ana ngā paerewa e toru i tētahi pūnaha manawanui OD ōrite, e whai ana i te ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Ngā Ngongo Kua Tāia Matao / Kua Oti Matao (E pā ana ki te A179, A192, me te A210)

Awhe OD (mm)	Manawanui OD (mm)	Ngā Paerewa e tika ana
≤ 25.4	±0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	±0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	±0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	±0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	±0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	±0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Tuhipoka:Mō ngā ngongo tui-matao, ka pā te ātete tino piri (±0.10 mm) ki te OD ≤25.4 mm, me te whakangāwari haere i ngā ātete i te pikinga ake o te OD. Ki runga ake i te 101.6 mm, ka pai te ātete ki te taha kotahi (ko te rahi nui anake ka whakaaetia, engari he iti noa te rahi iti).

5.2 Ngā Ngongo Wera-Whakaoti (E pā ana ki te A192 me te A210)

Awhe OD (mm)	Manawanui OD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Tuhipoka:He ngoikore ake ngā āheinga OD o ngā ngongo kua oti te whakamahana i ngā ngongo kua tōia matao, ā, he koretake te tohatoha "pai-nui, kino-iti". E whakahau ana te A179 i te hanga kua tōia matao, nō reira kāore e uru ki ngā āheinga OD kua oti te whakamahana.

VI. Te Whakataurite i ngā Ātete Matotoru o te Pakitara

6.1 Ngā Ngongo Kua Tāia Matao / Kua Oti Matao (Matua mō te A179, e tika ana hoki mō te A192/A210)

Ko te ASTM A179 e hiahia ana kia whakamahia ngā ngongo maitai waro-iti e tōia ana i te makariri, ā, ko tōna pūnaha manawanui matotoru pakitara e whai ake nei:

Awhe OD (mm)	Te Manawanui ki te Matotoru o te Pakitara
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Tuhipoka:Hemanawanui pai kotahi-taha– ka whakaaetia kia matotoru ake te matotoru o te pakitara, engari kaua rawa e angiangi. Mā tēnei ka whakarite he tawhiti haumaru mō te ratonga pēhanga teitei. Me taka ia pūwāhi ine i waenga i te matotoru ingoa me te 120% o te ingoa;kāore e tino āraia te pekatanga kino.

6.2 Ngā Ātete Matotoru o te Pakitara Ngongo Wera-Whakaoti (A192 / A210)

Ko ngā ngongo tuitui wera kua oti te whakaoti ka whai i te A450/A450M:

Awhe Matotoru o te Pakitara (mm)	Te Manawanui ki te Matotoru o te Pakitara
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Tuhipoka:Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā ngongo wera-oti te manawanui pai kotahi-taha (he matotoru ake anake), engari he nui ake ngā rohe o runga i ērā mō ngā ngongo matao-oti. Mō ngā matotoru pakitara noa (>4.6 mm), ka taea e te wera-oti te +28%/-0%, ko te matao-oti te +20~22%/-0% anake.He tino pai te tika o te whakahaere matotoru o te pakitara nā te matao-kumea.

6.3 Whakarāpopototanga o ngā Ātete Matotoru o te Pakitara mō ngā Paerewa e Toru

Tukanga Hanga	Awhe OD	Te Manawanui ki te Matotoru o te Pakitara
Tāia-makariri (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
Tāia-makariri (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
Kua oti te whakamahana (A192/A210)	Ngā matotoru katoa	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Ngā Whakaritenga Tukanga Hanga me te Whakamātautau

7.1 Tukanga Hanga

ASTM A179– Me tino hiahiahe mea tōia mātaote hanga, ā, muri iho ka whakamahanatia i te pāmahana kaua e iti iho i te 650°C i muri i te tukanga tō matao whakamutunga.

ASTM A192– Tukanga maeneene; ka taea te tohu he mea kua oti te wera, kua oti rānei te tā.

ASTM A210– He tukanga maeneene; ka taea te tohu he mea kua oti te wera, kua oti rānei te tā i te makariri; me mārama te rauemite maitai kua mate.

7.2 Ngā Whakaritenga Whakamātautau

Ko ngā paerewa e toru e hiahia ana ki ngā whakamātautau e whai ake nei:

Whakamātautau Whakapapatahi

Whakamātautau Mura

Whakamātautau Pakari

Whakamātautau Waipū, Whakamātautau Hiko Kore-Whakangaro rānei

Hei tāpiritanga, me tutuki i ngā ngongo whakamahana nui i raro i te A210 ngā whakaritenga mō ngā mahi hanga pēnei i tete mura, te whakakoi, te hanga, te whakarewa, me te piko.

VIII. Rākau Whakatau Kōwhiringa Rauemi