— Buku Lotsogolera Lonse la Zipangizo Zamagetsi Zamphamvu Zaku Russia Zokhudza Kutentha Kwambiri, ndi Kupanikizika Kwambiri

Sanonpipe - Wogulitsa Wanu Wodalirika wa Machubu Otentha a ТУ Standard aku Russia

I. Kuyika Makhalidwe Okhazikika: "Mafotokozedwe Apadera Aukadaulo" a Machubu a Boiler a Nyukiliya ndi Kutentha

ТУ 3-923-75ndi ukadaulo wapadera (ТУ - Technical Conditions) wopangidwa ndi Russia wa machubu achitsulo opanda msoko omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakina opangira magetsi a nyukiliya ndi makina ophikira magetsi a fakitole yamagetsi otenthaMosiyana ndi miyezo yadziko lonse (ГОСТ), miyezo ya ТУ nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi ntchito zinazake zamafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zofunikira zaukadaulo zokhwima komanso zolunjika kwambiri.

Muyezo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi opanga makina olemera aku Russia mongaНКМЗ (Novokramatorsk Machine-Building Plant)ndipo ndi imodzi mwa miyezo yofunika kwambiri ya mapaipi otentha kwambiri komanso amphamvu kwambiri m'magawo a mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi kutentha ku Russia. Ku Russia konse ndi msika wa CIS, muyezo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mapaipi akuluakulu a nthunzi ya nyukiliya, machubu a boiler superheater, machubu obwezeretsanso kutentha, ndi zida zina zofunika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale maziko ofunikira aukadaulo pakupeza mapaipi popanga mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi kutentha.

Zinthu zazikulu za muyezo: ТУ 3-923-75 ikupereka zofunikira zolimba pa kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mawonekedwe a makina, njira zochizira kutentha, ndi kuwongolera kuphatikiza kosagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo, kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yotetezeka kwa nthawi yayitali pansi pa mikhalidwe yogwira ntchito kwambiri ya mafakitale amagetsi a nyukiliya ndi mayunitsi ofunikira kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ka zinthuMuyezowu makamaka umakhudza magiredi awiri oyambira -16ГС (16GS)chitsulo chopangidwa ndi zinthu zochepa komanso15Х1М1Ф (15Kh1M1F)Chitsulo cholimba chopanda kutentha chomwe chili ndi aloyi yochepa.

II. Zipangizo 16ГС (16GS) mwatsatanetsatane - Chitsulo Chopangidwa ndi Mphamvu Zapamwamba Chopanda Alloy

16ГС(Kumasulira kwa Chilatini:16GS) ndi chitsulo cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zotentha, zotengera zopopera, komanso zosungunulira.

Magiredi ofanana padziko lonse lapansi:

Dongosolo Loyenera	Giredi Yofanana	Ndemanga
China (GB)	Q345D(kale16Mn)	Chitsulo cholimba kwambiri chokhala ndi aloyi wochepa
Padziko lonse lapansi	Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha Mn-Si chotsika	—

Mankhwala opangidwa (wt%)Ndi chitsulo chopanda kaboni wambiri, chokhala ndi manganese ambiri chokhala ndi kaboni ≤0.20%, manganese 1.30–1.70%, ndi silicon 0.50–0.80%, chomwe chimapereka kusinthasintha kwabwino komanso kulimba pang'ono.

Katundu wa makina:

Mphamvu yokoka: 470–640 MPa

Mphamvu yotulutsa: 305–345 MPa (kutengera makulidwe)

Kulimba kwa kutentha kochepa: kumakwaniritsa zofunikira pa -40°C

Ntchito zachizolowezi:

Maboiler mapaipi m'mafakitale amphamvu a nyukiliya ndi kutentha

Zigawo za kapangidwe ka ma boiler a nthunzi ndi zotengera zopanikizika

Zipangizo zoponderezedwa ndi zitsulo komanso zomangira zitsulo

Makhalidwe a zinthu: 16ГС mawonekedwekusinthasintha kwabwino kwambiri, kulimba bwino kutentha pang'ono, komanso mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a boiler pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi kutentha.

III. Zinthu 15Х1М1Ф (15Kh1M1F) mwatsatanetsatane - Chitsulo Chosatentha Chosagwiritsa Ntchito Alloy Yochepa

15Х1М1Ф(Kumasulira kwa Chilatini:15Kh1M1F) ndi chitsulo cholimba chomwe sichimatentha kwambiri pansi pa dongosolo la Russia, makamaka chomwe chimayikidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchitomphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kuthamanga kwambiriChitsulo cholimba ndi kutentha cha ngalechi chimaphatikizapo zinthu zosakaniza monga chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), ndi vanadium (V) kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu ya kukwera kwa nthaka pa kutentha kwakukulu, kukana okosijeni, komanso kukhazikika kwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kusanthula kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu: 15zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kaboni pafupifupi 0.15%,Хimayimira chromium (Cr),1pa kuchuluka kwa chromium pafupifupi 1%,Мza molybdenum (Mo),1kuchuluka kwa molybdenum pafupifupi 1%,Фkwa vanadium (V).

Magiredi ofanana padziko lonse lapansi:

Dongosolo Loyenera	Giredi Yofanana	Ndemanga
China (GB/T 3077)	15Cr1Mo1V	Chitsulo cholimba ndi kutentha chopanda aloyi, chinthu chachikulu cha magetsi otenthetsera m'nyumba
Germany (DIN/EN)	15CrMoV5-9 / 1.8521	—

Mankhwala opangidwa (wt%)– Zofunikira zomwe zimachitika pa ТУ 3-923-75:

Chinthu	Mndandanda wa Zomwe Zili M'kati	Udindo/Kufotokozera
C (Kaboni)	0.10 – 0.16	Kulimbitsa mphamvu ndi kulimba
Si (Silikoni)	0.17 – 0.37	Zimathandizira kukana okosijeni
Mn (Manganese)	0.40 – 0.70	Zimawonjezera mphamvu ndi kulimba
Cr (Chromium)	1.00 – 1.40	Amapanga filimu yokhuthala ya oxide, yomwe imapereka dzimbiri komanso kukana kutentha
Mo (Molybdenum)	0.90 – 1.10	Zimawonjezera mphamvu yotentha komanso kukana kukwawa
V (Vanadium)	0.20 – 0.25	Amakonza kapangidwe ka tirigu ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya kutentha
Ni (Nikeli)	≤ 0.25	Zimathandiza kulimba
S (Sulphur)	≤ 0.025	—
P (Phosphorus)	≤ 0.025	—

15Х1М1Ф ndi mankhwala ofanana kwambiri ndi a ku China.15Cr1Mo1V, yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayunitsi amphamvu opitilira 300 MW ochokera kunja kupita kumayiko ena opitilira 20 amagetsi otenthetsera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mapaipi akuluakulu a nthunzi, kutenthetsa mapaipi a nthunzi, ndi ma header. Kukhwima kwake kwaukadaulo komanso kudalirika kwa uinjiniya kwatsimikiziridwa mokwanira.

Katundu wa makina:

Mphamvu yokoka: ≥ 500 MPa

Mphamvu yotulutsa: ≥ 320 MPa

Kutalika (δ5): ≥ 18% (kwanthawi yayitali) / ≥ 16% (kupingasa)

Kulimba kwa mphamvu (KCU): ≥ 500 kJ/m² (yaitali) / ≥ 400 kJ/m² (yopingasa)

Zinthu zazikulu zogwirira ntchito:

Mphamvu ya kutentha: Kuphatikizana kwa Mo ndi V kumathandizira kwambiri mphamvu ya kuphulika kwa creep pa kutentha kwakukulu.

Kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake: Pambuyo pokonza bwino ndi kutentha kwambiri, kapangidwe ka sorbite kokhazikika/kofewa kamapezeka.

Kutentha koyenera kogwirira ntchito: Yokhoza kugwira ntchito yokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali kutenthampaka +585°C.

Kuyenerera kwa nyukiliya: Yoyenera zida za nyukiliya (AC) ndi mapaipi.

Madera ogwiritsira ntchito wamba:

Kugwiritsa ntchito	Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwachindunji	Mikhalidwe ya Utumiki
Mphamvu ya nyukiliya	Mizere yayikulu ya nthunzi, mapaipi a zida zothamanga kwambiri	Kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, malo okhala ndi ma radiation
Mphamvu ya kutentha	Machubu a boiler otenthetsera zinthu mozama kwambiri/ozama kwambiri, machubu otenthetsera zinthu, mapaipi akuluakulu a nthunzi	Kutentha ≤585°C, kupsinjika kwakukulu
Kupanga ma boiler	Machubu a boiler opanikizika kwambiri, mapaipi a boiler a nthunzi	Magawo amphamvu a nthunzi, ntchito yanthawi yayitali
Mitsempha yopanikizika	Mitsempha yothamanga kwambiri	Kuthamanga kwa kutentha kwambiri

IV. Kukhwima kwaukadaulo kwa muyezo wa ТУ 3-923-75

Monga muyezo wodzipereka wa machubu a boiler a nyukiliya ndi kutentha, ТУ 3-923-75 ikupereka zofunikira zaukadaulo zolimba kwambiri:

Njira yochizira kutenthaMuyezo umafotokoza bwino momwe kutentha kumathandizira pa 15Х1М1Ф, nthawi zambirikusinthasintha + kutentha kwambiri, kuti pakhale kapangidwe kokhazikika ka bainite/sorbite yofewa. Kuwongolera kolondola kwa njira yochizira kutentha kumatsimikizira mwachindunji kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kusungidwa kwa katundu wa makina panthawi yogwira ntchito yotentha kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kulamulira kolimba kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala: Malire okhwima pa zinthu zodetsa monga sulfure ndi phosphorous amatsimikizira kuti zinthuzo ndi zoyera komanso zodalirika pa ntchito yotentha kwambiri.

Kuyesa kosawononga: Chubu chilichonse chiyenera kuyesedwa ndi ultrasound (UT) ndi eddy current (ET) kuti chiteteze ku zolakwika zamkati.

V. Kutsimikizira Ubwino ndi Chithandizo Chotsatira Malamulo a CBAM

Chitsimikizo chadongosolo:

Gulu lililonse limabwera ndi zonseMTC (Satifiketi Yoyesera ya Mill)

EN 10204 3.1/3.2Zikalata zimapezeka mukapempha

Kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu enaSGS, BV, TÜVchothandizidwa

Kutsatira kwathunthu kuyambira pa chiwerengero cha kutentha mpaka chinthu chomalizidwa

Chithandizo cha EU CBAM chotsata malamulo a carbon tariff:

Timapereka deta yokhudzana ndi mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsidwa ndi zinthu zina kutengera muyeso weniweni wa malo omwe alipo.

Thandizo pakukonzekera mapulani owunikira, malipoti okhudza kutulutsa mpweya, ndi zolemba zina zowunikira

Zimakuthandizani kupewa njira yolipirira mtengo wa EU komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zolipirira mpweya

VI. N’chifukwa Chiyani Muyenera Kusankha Sanonpipe?

Ubwino Wathu	Tsatanetsatane
Ukatswiri wokhazikika	Kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa ТУ 3-923-75 ndi makina aukadaulo aku Russia, ndi kutanthauzira kolondola kwa zofunikira pa chubu cha boiler cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi kutentha
Chitsimikizo cha zinthu zakuthupi	Zikalata zonse zofunikira za 16ГС ndi 15Х1М1Ф, ndi kupereka nthawi imodzi zikalata zofanana za Chirasha ndi Chitchaina
Kukula kwakukulu	Ikupezeka mu mainchesi akunja10–630 mmndi makulidwe a khoma1–32 mm, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zazikulu
Kutumiza mwachangu	Yothandizidwa ndi katundu wolemera matani 20,000; maoda adzidzidzi amatumizidwa mkati mwa masiku 7-15
Thandizo la utumiki wonse	Kuyambira pa kafukufuku, kufotokozera bwino zaukadaulo, ndi mtengo wake mpaka zolemba ndi zinthu zina - kutumiza zinthu nthawi imodzi
Kudzipereka kopanda chiopsezo	Malo opitilira 240 owunikira khalidwe la mkati komanso palibe kusiyana kulikonse pa zikalata

 VII. Lumikizanani nafe

Sanonpipe yadzipereka kupereka machubu a boiler abwino kwambiri osasunthika motsatira ТУ 3-923-75 pamagawo amagetsi a nyukiliya ndi kutentha ku Russia ndi chigawo cha CIS. Kaya mukufuna zofunikira kapena kukula koyenera, timapereka chithandizo chaukadaulo chaukadaulo komanso mayankho osinthika azinthu.

Zitsanzo za kufotokozera zachizolowezi:

Труба стальная бесшовная горячедеформированная 630×25 ТУ 3-923-75 / 16ГС
(Chubu chachitsulo chosasunthika chotentha 630×25, pa ТУ 3-923-75, giredi 16ГС)

Труба стальная бесшовная горячедеформированная 530×18 ТУ 3-923-75 / 15Х1М1Ф
(Chubu chachitsulo chosasunthika chotenthedwa 530×18, pa ТУ 3-923-75, giredi 15Х1М1Ф)

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