— Sanonpipe, Wogulitsa Wanu Wodalirika wa Machubu Opanda Msoko a Maboiler ndi Zosinthira Kutentha

I. Chidule cha Dongosolo Loyenera

Pankhani ya zida zosinthira kutentha monga ma boiler, ma heat exchanger, ndi ma condenser, dongosolo la ASTM limadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati mfundo zovomerezeka. Pakati pawo,ASTM A179, A192, ndi A210Ndi miyezo itatu yofunika kwambiri ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga machubu achitsulo chosasunthika, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zitsulo zokhala ndi mpweya wochepa komanso wapakati pa kaboni kuti zigwirizane ndi kupanikizika kosiyanasiyana komanso kutentha.

Miyezo yonse itatu ili pansi pa ulamuliro wa Komiti ya ASTM A01 ndi malangizo ake.ASTM A450/A450Mmonga chimango chofanana cha zofunikira zaukadaulo, kupanga dongosolo la magawo awiri: “Muyezo Wonse wa Zofunikira + Muyezo Wodziwika ndi Zogulitsa”. Gawo 9 la A450/A450M (“Kusiyanasiyana Kovomerezeka mu Kukhuthala kwa Khoma”) ndi Gome 2 lofanana nalo ndi maziko okhawo ovomerezeka odziwira kulekerera makulidwe a khoma a machubu pansi pa miyezo itatuyi. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwawo ndi kuyanjana ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusankha zinthu molondola, kutchula molondola, komanso kupewa mavuto a khalidwe.

II. Kuyerekeza kwa Miyezo Itatu ya Core Positioning

Mbali	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210
Mutu Wathunthu	Machubu Osinthira Kutentha ndi Ma Condenser Opanda Msoko Wozizira Wokokedwa ndi Chitsulo Chopanda Mpweya Wochepa	Machubu Opopera a Chitsulo cha Carbon Chopanda Msoko Othandizira Kupanikizika Kwambiri	Boiler ya Chitsulo cha Mpweya Wapakati ndi Machubu a Superheater Opanda Msoko
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Koyamba	Zipangizo zosinthira kutentha, zoziziritsira kutentha, ndi zipangizo zina zofanana zotumizira kutentha	Machubu a boiler okhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu komanso machubu a superheater	Machubu a boiler, machubu a flue, machubu a arch, ndi machubu a superheater
Mtundu wa Zinthu	Chitsulo chopanda mpweya wambiri(yokokedwa ndi ozizira)	Chitsulo cha kaboni(yopanda msoko)	Chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni(yopanda msoko)
Kuyeza kwa Kupanikizika	Kupanikizika kochepa / kwapakati	Kupanikizika kwakukulu	Kupanikizika kwapakati / kwakukulu
Kuchuluka kwa Kutentha	≤ 450°C	Utumiki wothamanga kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri	Kutentha kwapakati mpaka kwakukulu (kuphatikizapo ma superheaters)
Njira Yopangira	Yokokedwa ndi ozizira yokha	Yopanda msoko (yomalizidwa ndi kutentha kapena yokokedwa ndi ozizira)	Yopanda msoko (yomalizidwa ndi kutentha kapena yokokedwa ndi ozizira)
Magiredi Omwe Akupezeka	A179	A192	Giredi A-1, Giredi C
Kukula kwa Kukula (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Kuyerekeza kwa Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Chinthu	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Giredi A-1	ASTM A210 Giredi C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Mn (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
P (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwafotokozedwa:

Kuchuluka kwa mpweya– A179 ndi A192 zonse ndi zitsulo zopanda mpweya woipa (0.06-0.18%), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kulumikiza; A210 ndi zitsulo zapakati pa mpweya woipa (Giredi C mpaka 0.35%), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri koma sizingathe kulumikiza.

Kuchuluka kwa silikoni– A210 imafuna silicon (≥0.10%) kuti iwonjezere kukana kwa okosijeni ndi mphamvu ya kutentha kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito ya superheater.

Ukhondo– A192 ili ndi malire okhwima pa phosphorous ndi sulfure (≤0.025%) poyerekeza ndi A179 (≤0.035%), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi.

IV. Kuyerekeza kwa Katundu wa Makina

Katundu	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Giredi A-1	ASTM A210 Giredi C
Mphamvu Yokoka (MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Mphamvu Yotulutsa (MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Kutalika (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Kuuma (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwafotokozedwa:

Milingo ya mphamvu– A179 ndi A192 ali ndi mphamvu yofanana (yokoka ≥325 MPa); A210 Giredi A-1 imapereka mphamvu yokwera pafupifupi 28% (≥415 MPa), pomwe Giredi C imafika ≥485 MPa.

Kulamulira kuuma– Kulimba kumawonjezeka ndi mphamvu: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Giredi A-1 ≤79 HRB, Giredi C ≤89 HRB.

Mfundo yosankha- Kutentha kwambiri ndi kupsinjika kofunikira kumafuna zipangizo zolimba kwambiri.

V. Kuyerekeza kwa Kulekerera kwa M'mimba mwake wa Kunja

Miyezo yonse itatu imagwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika yolekerera OD, kutsatira ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Machubu Okokedwa ndi Zizilombo Zozizira / Zomalizidwa ndi Zizilombo Zozizira (Zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa A179, A192, ndi A210)

OD Range (mm)	Kulekerera kwa OD (mm)	Miyezo Yogwira Ntchito
≤ 25.4	± 0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	± 0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	± 0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	± 0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	± 0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	± 0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Zindikirani:Pa machubu osasunthika okokedwa ozizira, kulekerera kolimba kwambiri (± 0.10 mm) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa OD ≤25.4 mm, ndipo kulekerera kumapumula pang'onopang'ono pamene OD ikuwonjezeka. Kupitirira 101.6 mm, kulekerera kumakhala kopanda mbali imodzi (kungololedwa kukula kwambiri, ndi kukula kochepa).

5.2 Machubu Otentha (Oyenera A192 ndi A210)

OD Range (mm)	Kulekerera kwa OD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Zindikirani:Machubu omalizidwa ndi kutentha amakhala ndi ma OD tolerances omasuka kuposa machubu okokedwa ndi ozizira, okhala ndi kugawa kosagwirizana kwa "positive-larger, negative-smaller". A179 imafuna kupanga machubu okokedwa ndi ozizira, kotero sikutanthauza ma OD tolerances okokedwa ndi kutentha.

VI. Kuyerekeza kwa Kupirira kwa Kukhuthala kwa Khoma

6.1 Machubu Ozizira / Omalizidwa ndi Ozizira (Maziko a A179, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa A192/A210)

ASTM A179 imafuna machubu achitsulo otsika mpweya omwe amakokedwa ozizira, ndipo njira yake yolekerera makulidwe a makoma ndi motere:

OD Range (mm)	Kulekerera kwa Makulidwe a Khoma
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Zindikirani:Machubu okokedwa ndi ozizira ali ndikulekerera kwabwino kwa mbali imodzi– makulidwe a khoma amaloledwa kukhala okhuthala, koma osachepera. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti pali malire otetezeka pa ntchito yothamanga kwambiri. Malo aliwonse oyezedwa ayenera kukhala pakati pa makulidwe odziwika ndi 120% ya makulidwe odziwika;kupatuka kolakwika ndikoletsedwa kotheratu.

6.2 Kulekerera kwa Makulidwe a Khoma ndi Chubu Chomalizidwa ndi Kutentha (A192 / A210)

Machubu opanda msoko omalizidwa bwino amatsatira A450/A450M:

Makulidwe a Wall (mm)	Kulekerera kwa Makulidwe a Khoma
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Zindikirani:Machubu omalizidwa ndi kutentha amagwiritsanso ntchito machubu okhazikika a unilateral (okhuthala okha), koma malire apamwamba ndi okwera kwambiri kuposa a machubu okokedwa ndi ozizira. Pa makulidwe wamba a khoma (>4.6 mm), okokedwa ndi kutentha amalola +28%/-0%, pomwe okokedwa ndi ozizira amalola +20~22%/-0% yokha.Chokokedwa ndi ozizira chimapereka kulondola kwapamwamba kwambiri pakulamulira makulidwe a khoma.

6.3 Chidule cha Kulekerera kwa Kukhuthala kwa Khoma pa Miyezo Yonse Itatu

Njira Yopangira	Mtundu wa OD	Kulekerera kwa Makulidwe a Khoma
Yokokedwa ndi ozizira (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
Yokokedwa ndi ozizira (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
Yomalizidwa bwino (A192/A210)	Makulidwe onse	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Zofunikira pa Njira Yopangira ndi Kuyesa

7.1 Njira Yopangira

ASTM A179- Imafuna momveka bwinoyokokedwa ndi ozizirakupanga, kutsatiridwa ndi kutentha pa kutentha kosachepera 650°C pambuyo poti chizire chomaliza cha kuzizira chadutsa.

ASTM A192- Njira yopanda msoko; ikhoza kulembedwa ngati yomalizidwa ndi kutentha kapena yokokedwa ndi ozizira.

ASTM A210- Njira yopanda msoko; ikhoza kulembedwa ngati yomalizidwa ndi kutentha kapena yokokedwa ndi ozizira; zinthu ziyenera kukhalachitsulo chophedwa.

7.2 Zofunikira pa Mayeso

Miyezo yonse itatu imafuna mayeso otsatirawa:

Mayeso Ophwanyika

Mayeso Oyaka

Mayeso a Kuuma

Mayeso a Hydrostatic kapena Mayeso a Magetsi Osawononga

Kuphatikiza apo, machubu a superheater pansi pa A210 ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira popanga ntchito mongakuwotcha, kuluka, kupangira, kuwotcherera, ndi kupindika.

VIII. Mtengo Wosankha Zinthu Zofunika