— Sanonpipe, Mutengesi Wako Akavimbika weMachubhu Asina Musono eMaboilers neHeat Exchangers

I. Pfupiso yeSisitimu Yakajairwa

Muminda yemidziyo yekuchinjana kupisa yakaita semaboiler, ma heat exchangers, uye ma condenser, system yeASTM inozivikanwa pasi rose seyakakosha. Pakati payo,ASTM A179, A192, uye A210ndiyo mitemo mitatu yakakosha yezvigadzirwa zvemachubhu esimbi asina musono, anofukidza simbi dzine kabhoni shoma nedzekabhoni yepakati kuti dzikwanise kudzvanywa zvakasiyana uye mamiriro ekupisa.

Mitemo yese mitatu iri pasi pesimba reASTM Committee A01 uye referensiASTM A450/A450Msehurongwa hwezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi, zvichigadzira sisitimu ine matanho maviri: “General Requirements Standard + Product-Specific Standard”. Chikamu 9 cheA450/A450M (“Kusiyana Kunobvumidzwa muKukora kweMadziro”) uye Tafura 2 inoenderana nayo ndiyo chete hwaro hwepamutemo hwekusarudza kushivirira kweukobvu hwemadziro emachubhu pasi pemitemo iyi mitatu. Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwavo uye hukama hwavo kwakakosha pakusarudzwa kwezvinhu nemazvo, kutaurwa kwakarurama, uye kudzivirira matambudziko emhando.

II. Kuenzanisa Nzvimbo Yepakati yeMitemo Mitatu

Chikamu	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210
Musoro Wakazara	Simbi yekupisa uye yeCondenser isina musono inodhonzwa nechando	Machubhu eBoiler eSimbi yeKabhoni Isina Musono Ebasa Repamusoro-soro	Boiler yeSimbi yeKabhoni Yepakati isina Musono uye Machubhu eSuperheater
Kushandiswa Kwakakosha	Zvinochinja-chinja kupisa, zvinokonzeresa kupisa, nezvimwe zvakafanana zvinotamisa kupisa	Machubhu ebhoyira ane simba guru uye machubhu ekupisa zvakanyanya	Machubhu ebhoyila, machubhu eflue, machubhu earch, uye machubhu esuperheater
Rudzi rwezvinhu	Simbi isina kabhoni yakawanda(inodhonzwa nechando)	Simbi yekabhoni(isina musono)	Simbi yekabhoni iri pakati nepakati(isina musono)
Kuongororwa kweDzvinyiriro	Kumanikidzwa kwakaderera / kwepakati	Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya	Kumanikidzwa kwepakati nepakati / kwakanyanya
Nzvimbo yekupisa	≤ 450°C	Basa rine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha yakakwira	Tembiricha iri pakati nepakati kusvika pakakwirira (kusanganisira ma superheaters)
Maitiro Ekugadzira	Inodhonzwa nechando chete	Musono (inopedzwa kupisa kana kuti inotonhorera)	Musono (inopedzwa kupisa kana kuti inotonhorera)
Magiredhi Aripo	A179	A192	Giredhi A-1, Giredhi C
Hurefu hweSaizi (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Kuenzanisa Kuumbwa Kwemakemikari

Chinhu	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Giredhi A-1	ASTM A210 Giredhi C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Mn (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
P (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

Misiyano mikuru yakatsanangurwa:

Hunhu hwekabhoni– A179 neA192 dzese isimbi dzine kabhoni shoma (0.06-0.18%), dzinopa kuchinjika kwakanaka; A210 isimbi ine kabhoni yepakati (Giredhi C kusvika 0.35%), inopa simba rakawanda asi kuchinjika kwakaderera.

Zviri mukati mesilicon– A210 inoda silicon (≥0.10%) kuti ivandudze kusimba kwe oxidation uye simba rekupisa kwakanyanya, izvo zvakakosha pabasa re superheater.

Kuchena– A192 ine miganhu yakasimba paphosphorus nesarufa (≤0.025%) zvichienzaniswa neA179 (≤0.035%), zvichiita kuti pave nemhando yepamusoro yekushandisa zvinhu zvine pressure yakakwira.

IV. Kuenzanisa Zvimiro zveMichina

Pfuma	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Giredhi A-1	ASTM A210 Giredhi C
Simba reKusimba (MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Simba reKubereka (MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Kureba (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Kuoma (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

Misiyano mikuru yakatsanangurwa:

Simba remuviri– A179 neA192 dzine simba rakafanana (tensile ≥325 MPa); A210 Giredhi A-1 inopa simba rakakwira ne28% (≥415 MPa), nepo Giredhi C richisvika ≥485 MPa.

Kudzora kuomarara– Kuomarara kunowedzera kana simba rayo rikakwira: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Giredhi A-1 ≤79 HRB, Giredhi C ≤89 HRB.

Pfungwa dzekusarudza- Kupisa kwakanyanya kwekushanda uye kumanikidzwa kunoda zvinhu zvakasimba zvakanyanya.

V. Kuenzanisa Kushivirira Kwekunze Kwedhayamita

Matanho ese matatu anoshandisa sisitimu yekushivirira OD yakafanana, ichitevera ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Machubhu Akadhonzwa Nechando / Akapedzwa Nechando (Anoshanda paA179, A192, uye A210)

OD Range (mm)	Kushivirira kweOD (mm)	Maitiro Anoshanda
≤ 25.4	± 0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	± 0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	± 0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	± 0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	±0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	± 0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Cherechedza:Pamachubhu anodhonzwa achitonhora asina musono, kushivirira kwakanyanya (± 0.10 mm) kunoshanda kuOD ≤25.4 mm, nekushivirira kunoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma OD painowedzera. Pamusoro pe101.6 mm, kushivirira kunova kwakabatana (kunobvumirwa kukura zvakanyanya, nehukuru hushoma).

5.2 Machubhu Anopisa (Anoshanda kuA192 neA210)

OD Range (mm)	Kushivirira kweOD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Cherechedza:Machubhu anopisa ane ma OD tolerances akareruka kupfuura machubhu anotonhora, ane asymmetrical "positive-larger, negative-smaller". A179 inorayira kugadzirwa kwe "cold-drawn tolerances", saka haibatanidzi ma OD tolerances anotonhora.

VI. Kuenzanisa Kushivirira Kwehukobvu Hwemadziro

6.1 Machubhu Anodhonzwa Nechando / Anopedzwa Nechando (Musimboti weA179, unoshandawo paA192/A210)

ASTM A179 inoda machubhu esimbi ane kabhoni shoma anodhonzwa nechando, uye sisitimu yayo yekutsungirira ukobvu hwemadziro ndeiyi inotevera:

OD Range (mm)	Kushivirira Ukobvu hweMadziro
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Cherechedza:Machubhu anodhonzwa nechando anekushivirira kwakanaka kweumwe neumwe– ukobvu hwemadziro hunobvumirwa kuva hwakakora, asi hahuna kumbova hwakatetepa. Izvi zvinovimbisa muganhu wakachengeteka webasa rine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Poindi yega yega yakayerwa inofanira kuwira pakati peukobvu hwezita ne120% yezita;kutsauka kusina kunaka kunorambidzwa zvachose.

6.2 Kushivirira Ukobvu hweMadziro eTube Yakapedzwa neChipisa (A192 / A210)

Machubhu asina musono anopisa anoshandiswa nekupisa anotevera A450/A450M:

Hukobvu hwemadziro (mm)	Kushivirira Ukobvu hweMadziro
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Cherechedza:Machubhu anopisa anoshandisawo machubhu ane mapoinzi erutivi rumwe chete (akakora chete), asi miganhu yepamusoro yakanyanya kupfuura yechubhu dzinotonhora. Kune ukobvu hwemadziro hwakafanana (>4.6 mm), anopisa anobvumira +28%/-0%, nepo anotonhora achibvumira +20~22%/-0% chete.Yakadhonzwa nechando inopa kunyatsorurama kwekudzora ukobvu hwemadziro.

6.3 Pfupiso yeKushivirira Kukomba Kwemadziro eMitemo Yese Mitatu

Maitiro Ekugadzira	OD Range	Kushivirira Ukobvu hweMadziro
Yakadhonzwa nechando (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
Yakadhonzwa nechando (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
Yakapedzwa nekupisa (A192/A210)	Ukobvu hwese	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Zvinodiwa paKugadzira uye paKuedza

7.1 Maitiro Ekugadzira

ASTM A179- Zvinoda zviri pachenainotorwa nechandokugadzirwa, zvichiteverwa nekupisa patembiricha isingaderere pasi pe650°C mushure mekupedza kutonhora.

ASTM A192- Maitiro asina musono; anogona kunyorwa seanopisa kana kuti anotonhorera.

ASTM A210- Maitiro asina musono; anogona kunyorwa seanopisa kana kuti anodhonzwa nechando; zvinhu zvinofanira kungesimbi yakaurayiwa.

7.2 Zvinodiwa paKuedza

Matanho ese matatu anoda bvunzo dzinotevera:

Muedzo weKubata-bata

Muedzo weKupisa

Kuedza Kuoma

Kuedzwa kweHydrostatic kana Kuedzwa kweMagetsi Kusingaparadze

Pamusoro pezvo, machubhu e superheater ari pasi peA210 anofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa pakugadzira mashandiro akadai sekupfuta, kugadzira zvishongo, kugadzira simbi, kusanganisa, uye kukotama.

VIII. Muti weSarudzo yeSarudzo yeZvinhu