—— Sanonpipe, Mutengesi Wako Akavimbika weBoiler neMapaipi Anodziya Nekupisa Kwakanyanya, Machubhu Asina Musono

I. Nhanganyaya Yakajairika - Dombo Rekona reMachubhu esimbi asingapindi kupisa muindasitiri yeGerman

DIN 17175ndiyo mwero weindasitiri yeGerman wemachubhu asina musono akagadzirwa nesimbi dzisingapisi, ine musoro unoti machubhu asina musono esimbi dzisingapise kupisa. Inoshanda kumachubhu asina musono - kusanganisira machubhu emisoro - anoshandiswa mukuvaka mabhoyira, mapaipi, midziyo yekumanikidza uye michina yekushandisa kusvika600 °Cuye kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya panguva imwe chete.

Zvichienderana netsananguro: "Simbi dzine hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika kunyangwe dzakaoma kwenguva refu pakupisa kwakanyanya, kusvika ku600 °C, dzinofanira kuonekwa sedzinodzivirira kupisa pakupisa kwakanyanya." Machubhu acho anofanira kupihwa akagadziriswa kupisa zvakanaka kwenguva yakareba.

Standard inofukidza huwandu hwakakwana hweMagiredhi esimbi mapfumbamwe, kubva pasimbi dzisingapise kabhoniuyesimbi dzisingapise kupisa dzine alloy shoma to simbi dzinodzivirira kupisa dzemartensiticNemakumi emakore ekushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemabhoyila nemidziyo yekumanikidza yeGermany neEurope, DIN 17175 ichiri chirevo chinozivikanwa zvakanyanya chesimbi dzemapaipi dzinopisa zvakanyanya uye dzine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya.

Chinyorwa chakakosha:DIN 17175 yakanyanya kutsiviwa nechiyero chakabatana cheEuropeEN 10216-2(Machubhu esimbi asina musono ekushandisa pakumanikidzwa - Mamiriro ekutumira kwehunyanzvi - Chikamu 2: Machubhu esimbi asina alloy uye alloy ane hunhu hwakatarwa hwekupisa hwakakwira). Zvisinei, mazita eDIN 17175 egiredhi achiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rese, uye zvirimwa zvakawanda zviripo, magadzirirwo ekare uye hunyanzvi hunoramba huchitaurwa nezvazvo. Sanonpipe inogona kupa zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nekana DIN 17175 kana EN 10216-2, sezvinodiwa nemutengi.

II. Nzvimbo dzekushandisa - Sarudzo yeZvinhu Zvikuru zveBoiler, Power uye Petrochemical Industries

Machubhu asina musono eDIN 17175 anonyanya kushandiswa muzvinhu zvinotevera zvinopisa zvakanyanya uye zvinodzvinyirira zvakanyanya:

Nzvimbo Yekushandisa	Mashandisirwo Akananga	Mamiriro Ekushanda
Kuvakwa kwebhoira	Nzvimbo dzinodziya, machubhu emvura, machubhu ekuchengetedza emabhaira ane simba rakawanda	Kusvika 600 °C, utsi hwemhepo hunomanikidzwa zvakanyanya
Mapaipi emhepo	Mitsetse mikuru yeutsi, mitsetse yekudziisazve, misoro	Kupisa kwakanyanya & kumanikidzwa, basa renguva refu
Mitsipa yekumanikidza	Midziyo nemidziyo zvinopisa zvakanyanya	Kumanikidzwa + tembiricha yakakwira
Kugadzira magetsi	Simba rekupisa uye machubhu emagetsi enyukireya	Zvikamu zvakakosha zvebasa
Indasitiri yemafuta	Mapombi ekupisa kwepamusoro-soro, ma "heat exchangers"	Kupisa kwakanyanya + zvinoparadza

Zvichienderana neChikamu 4 chemutemo uyu, sarudzo yemhando yesimbi inosarudzwa nemutengi. Sanonpipe inogona kupa mazano ehunyanzvi pakusarudza zvinhu zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemutengi.

III. Magiredhi Ezvinhu - Kufukidzwa Kwakazara Kwesimbi Nine

DIN 17175 inovharaMagiredhi esimbi mapfumbamwe, kubva kusimbi dzekabhoni kusvika kusimbi dzakasanganiswa uye kubva kusimbi dzakajairika dzisingapisi kusvika kusimbi dzinopisa dzinodzivirira kupisa dzinonzi martensitic:

Giredhi reSimbi	Nhamba yezvinhu	Rudzi	Hunhu Hukuru
St35.8	1.0305	Haidziviriri kupisa kwekabhoni	Chiyero chekutanga chemachubhu ebhoyira akajairika
St45.8	1.0405	Haidziviriri kupisa kwekabhoni	Inonyanya kushandiswa, ine simba rakakwirira kupfuura St35.8
17 Mn 4	1.0481	Inodzivirira kupisa kwemuchina mushoma	Simba rakasimba reMn, rakakwirira
19 Mn 5	1.0482	Inodzivirira kupisa kwemuchina mushoma	Simba rakasimbiswa neMn, rakatokura
15 Muvhuro 3	1.5415	Molybdenum haidziyi kupisa	Ine Mo, zvinhu zvakanaka zvekukambaira
13 CrMo 4 4	1.7335	Cr-Mo inodzivirira kupisa	Simbi yepombi yebhoyira yakajairika, inodzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya
10 CrMo 9 10	1.7380	Cr-Mo inodzivirira kupisa	Cr-Mo yakawanda, yakakodzera tembiricha yakakwira
14 MoV 6 3	1.7715	Mo-V haidziviriri kupisa	Ine Mo neV, mashandiro ekupisa kwakanyanya ari nani
X20 CrMoV 12 1	1.4922	Martensitic inodzivirira kupisa	Huremu hwepamusoro hwe alloy, tembiricha yepamusoro yebasa 650 °C

IV. Tsananguro Yakadzama yeMagiredhi eSimbi yeKiyi

4.1 St45.8 (Zvinhu Nhamba 1.0405) – Simbi Inonyanya Kushandiswa Inodzivirira Kupisa neKabhoni

St45.8 ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nesimbi inodzivirira kupisa nekabhoni muDIN 17175. "St" inomiririra Stahl (simbi), uye "45" inoratidza simba rekusimba rinosvika 450 MPa.

Kuumbwa kweMakemikoro (%):

Chinhu	Zviri Mukati meSt45.8	Mashoko
C	≤ 0.21	Inovimbisa kuenzana kwesimba uye kusimba
Si	0.10 – 0.35	Inovandudza oxidation uye kuramba kupisa
Mn	0.40 – 0.80	Inowedzera simba uye kuomarara
P	≤ 0.020	Yakanyatsodzorwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekusimba kwekupisa kwakanyanya
S	≤ 0.020	Inodzorwa zvakasimba kuti ishande zvakanaka pakupisa

Zvimiro zveMichina:

Pfuma	Kukosha
Simba rekusimba (σb)	410 – 530 MPa
Simba rekupa (σs)	≥255 MPa
Kureba (δ5)	≥ 21%

Tembiricha yebasa inokurudzirwa:≤ 500 °C (simbi dzekabhoni dzinogona kuita graphiti kana dzichishandiswa pamusoro pe450 °C kwenguva yakareba)

Magiredhi Akaenzana Epasi Rose:

Zvakajairika	Giredhi rakaenzana
China (GB)	20G(GB 5310)
USA (ASTM)	Giredhi B reA106
Japani (JIS)	STB42
Europe (EN)	P235GH(EN 10216-2)

4.2 Simbi Inodzivirira Kupisa neAlloy Series (15Mo3 / 13CrMo44 / 10CrMo910)

Giredhi reSimbi	Nhamba yezvinhu	Zvinhu Zvikuru zveAlloying	Tembiricha Yebasa	Kushandiswa Kwakajairika
15Mo3	1.5415	Mo	≤ 550 °C	Maboiler superheaters, mareheaters anodzokororwa
13CrMo44	1.7335	Cr-Mo	≤ 580 °C	Machubhu ebhoyira ane simba guru, mitsetse yeutsi
10CrMo910	1.7380	Cr-Mo	≤ 600 °C	Mapaipi emhepo anodziya zvakanyanya uye ane simba guru

4.3 X20CrMoV121 (Zvinhu Nhamba 1.4922) – Giredhi reTembiricha Yakanyanya Kupfuura Dzese

X20CrMoV121 ndiyotembiricha yepamusoro-soro uye yepamusoro-soro yebasasimbi iri muDIN 17175. Zvinhu zvikuru:

Tembiricha yepamusoro yebasa: 650 °C

Rudzi rwezvinhu:Simbi inodzivirira kupisa yeMartensitic

Zvimiro zvikuru:Kuwanda kwe alloy kunopa simba rakanaka rekukwira uye kuramba kupisa kwemhepo

Kugona kusundira:Inoda nzira dzakakosha (kudziyisa usati waisa + kurapwa kwekupisa mushure mekusveta)

Maitiro akajairika:Zvishandiso zvinopisa zvakanyanya/zvinodzvinyirira zvakanyanya muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika - mapaipi makuru emhepo inodziya, ma superheater, ma reheater, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha

V. Magiredhi Emhando Yepamusoro - Giredhi I neGiredhi III

DIN 17175 inotsananguramamakisi maviri emhando yepamusoro: Giredhi IuyeGiredhi rechitatu.

Giredhi Remhando Yepamusoro	Mamiriro Anoshanda	Zvinodiwa paKuyedza	Maitiro Akajairika
Giredhi I	Tembiricha ≤ 450 °C, kumanikidzwa ≤ 80 bar	Kuedzwa kwekutanga	Maboiler ane kumanikidzwa kwakaderera kusvika pakati nepakati
Giredhi rechitatu	Tembiricha > 450 °C kana kumanikidzwa > 80 bar	Kuedza kwakasimba(100% NDT, bvunzo dzemhete dzinoitwa kakawanda)	Maboiler ane simba guru, ma superheater, ma reheater

Kune machubhu esimbi yekabhoni (St35.8, St45.8), ese ari maviri eGiredhi I neGiredhi III anogona kushandiswa; kune machubhu esimbi ye alloy,Giredhi III chetezvinoshanda.

VI. Zvinodiwa paKugadzira uye paKuedza

6.1 Maitiro Ekugadzira

Zvichienderana neChikamu 6.1.1, machubhu anogona kugadzirwa nekutenderedza kunopisa kana kutonhora, kudzvanya kunopisa, kudhirowa kunopisa kana kutonhoraMaitiro acho anoenderana nehukuru hunodiwa uye mashandisirwo anodiwa.

6.2 Kurapa Kupisa

Machubhu anofanira kupihwa akagadziriswa kupisa zvakakwana kwenguva refu. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwesimbi, nzira dzinotevera dzekurapa kupisa dzinogona kushandiswa:

Kugadzirisa zvinhu(yesimbi dzekabhoni St35.8, St45.8)

Kunyungudutsa kwepasi pesimba

Kuomesa uye kudzikamisa(yesimbi dzesimbi)

Kune 13CrMo44 ne10CrMo910, kudziya chete kunogona kukwana pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Steels 14MoV63 neX20CrMoV121zvinofanirainopiwa kana yaoma uye yanyorova.

6.3 Kuedzwa Kusingaparadze (NDT)

ZveMachubhu eGiredhi III, chiyero chinoda:

100% NDT(kuyedzwa kwe ultrasonic) kwezvikanganiso zvenguva refu

Kuongororwa kwakawedzerwa kwezvikanganiso zvinochinjika uye/kana kuti laminations kunogona kubvumirana

6.4 Miedzo yeRin'i

Machubhu eGiredhi III anoongororwa neringi, kusanganisira:

Kuedza kutsetsenura mhete

Kuedza kuwedzera mhete

Kuedza kudhonza mhete

Kune machubhu eGiredhi III ane dhayamita yekunze ≤ 51 mm,20%hurefu hwakakungurutswa hunoedzwa; kune avo vane hurefu hwe> 51 mm,magumo ese ari maviri ehurefu hwese hwakakungurutswadzakaedzwa neringi.

VII. Mitemo Yakaenzana Yepasi Rose

DIN 17175 ine mwero wakaenzana kana unochinjika pasi rose:

Sisitimu Yakajairika	Standard Inoenderana	Mashoko
Europe (EN)	EN 10216-2	Kutsiva zvakananga (machubhu asina musono anodziya zvakanyanya)
USA (ASTM)	ASTM A106 / A213 / A335	Machubhu asina musono anodziya zvakanyanya
China (GB)	GB 5310(machubhu ebhoyira ane simba guru)	Mwero wechubhu yebhoyira wakatsaurirwa
China (GB)	GB 3087 (machubhu ebhoyira ane kumanikidzwa kwakaderera/kwepakati)	Machubhu ebhoyira ane kumanikidzwa kwakaderera/kwepakati
UK (BS)	BS 3059 / BS 3602	Mitemo yechubhu yebhoyira
France (NF)	NF A 49-213	Machubhu asina musono anodziya zvakanyanya

VIII. Kukurukurirana Nokukurumidza - Kuenzana Kwepasi Pose kweKey DIN 17175 Grades

Giredhi reDIN 17175	Nhamba yezvinhu	China GB	USA ASTM	Europe EN
St35.8	1.0305	20G (inenge)	Giredhi A A106	P235GH
St45.8	1.0405	20G	Giredhi B reA106	P235GH
17Mn4	1.0481	Q345	—	—
19Mn5	1.0482	Q390	—	—
15Mo3	1.5415	15MoG	A209 T1a	—
13CrMo44	1.7335	15CrMoG	A213 T12	13CrMo4-5
10CrMo910	1.7380	12Cr2MoG	A213 T22	10CrMo9-10
14MoV63	1.7715	—	—	—
X20CrMoV121	1.4922	—	—	—

IX. Sei Uchifanira Kusarudza Sanonpipe?

Zvakanakira Zvedu	Tsananguro Yakadzama
Unyanzvi hwemazuva ose	Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweDIN 17175 neEN 10216-2 - tinodudzira uye tinoshandisa zvese zvinodiwa nemazvo
Vimbiso yezvinhu	Kufukidza kwakazara kubva kuSt35.8 kusvika kuX20CrMoV121; zvitupa zvakakwana zvekushandisa (EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2 zviripo)
Saizi dzakakwana	Rudzi rwezvinhu zvinopihwa: OD 10–426 mm, Huremu 1–40 mm – zvichifukidza zvese zvinodiwa zveDIN 17175
Vimbiso yemhando yepamusoro	Kukwanisa kusangana nezvinodiwa zveGiredhi I neGiredhi III - 100% NDT yemachubhu eGiredhi III
Kutumira nekukurumidza	Matani zviuru makumi maviri ezvekudya zvenguva dzose; maodha ekukurumidzira anotumirwa mukati memazuva manomwe kusvika gumi nemashanu
Rutsigiro rwesevhisi	Kubva pakubvunza nekujekesa zvehunyanzvi, kusvika pakukotesheni, magwaro uye logistics - kuendesa zvinhu kamwe chete
Kuzvipira kusina njodzi	Nzvimbo dzekutarisa dzemukati dzinopfuura 240; hapana musiyano mumagwaro
Rutsigiro rweCBAM pakutevedzera mitemo	Rubatsiro mukugadzirira data rezvishandiso zvecarbon footprint kuti zvitevedzere EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism zviri nyore

X. Taura Nesu

Sanonpipe yakatsaurirwa kupa vatengi vepasi rose machubhu emhando yepamusoro asina musono anoenderana nezvinodiwa neDIN 17175. Kunyangwe muchida machubhu ebhoyira, machubhu esuperheater, machubhu esteam kana machubhu epressure-vessel, tinopa rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi uye mhinduro dzekushandisa dzinochinjika.

Muenzaniso wekuraira wakajairika:

Chubhu yeSimbi Isina Musono 51 × 3.0 DIN 17175 – St45.8 III

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