— Sanonpipe, Alaab-qeybiyaha aad ku kalsoon tahay ee Tuubooyinka aan kala go 'lahayn ee loogu talagalay Kuleyliyaha iyo Beddelayaasha Kulaylka

I. Dulmar Guud oo ku saabsan Nidaamka Caadiga ah

Dhinaca qalabka is-weydaarsiga kulaylka sida kuleyliyaha, beddelayaasha kulaylka, iyo kondensarrada, nidaamka heerka ASTM waxaa si caalami ah loogu aqoonsan yahay qeexitaan rasmi ah. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah,ASTM A179, A192, iyo A210waa saddexda heer ee ugu muhiimsan ee badeecadaha tuubooyinka birta ah ee aan kala go 'lahayn, kuwaas oo daboolaya biraha kaarboon yar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah ee qiimaynta cadaadiska iyo xaaladaha heerkulka kala duwan.

Saddexda heerba waxay hoos yimaadaan awoodda Guddiga ASTM A01 iyo tixraacaASTM A450/A450MSida qaab-dhismeedka shuruudaha farsamada ee caadiga ah, sameynta nidaam laba heer ah: "Heerka Shuruudaha Guud + Heerka Gaar ah ee Badeecada". Qaybta 9aad ee A450/A450M ("Isbeddellada La Ogol Yahay ee Dhumucda Darbiga") iyo Shaxda 2aad ee u dhiganta ayaa ah aasaaska sharciga kaliya ee lagu go'aaminayo dulqaadka dhumucda darbiga ee tuubooyinka hoos yimaada saddexdan heer. Fahmidda kala duwanaanshahooda iyo xiriirkooda ayaa aasaas u ah xulashada saxda ah ee agabka, xigashada saxda ah, iyo ka fogaanshaha arrimaha tayada.

II. Isbarbardhigga Boostada Aasaasiga ah ee Saddexda Heer

Aragti	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210
Cinwaan Buuxa	Tuubooyinka Kuleylka iyo Kondenserka ee Birta Yar ee Qabow-la-soo-saaray iyo Tuubooyinka Kondenserka	Tuubooyinka Kuleyliyaha Birta Kaarboon ee aan kala go 'lahayn ee Adeegga Cadaadiska Sare	Tuubooyinka Kuleyliyaha Birta Kaarboonka Dhexdhexaadka ah iyo Tuubooyinka Superheater-ka ah ee aan kala go 'lahayn
Codsiga Aasaasiga ah	Qalabka lagu beddelo kulaylka, kondensarrada, iyo aaladaha la midka ah ee gudbinta kulaylka	Tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha cadaadiska sare leh iyo tuubooyinka kululeeyaha sare leh	Tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha, tuubooyinka qiiqa, tuubooyinka qaansada, iyo tuubooyinka kululeeyaha sare
Nooca Qalabka	Bir yar oo kaarboon ah(qabow-soo jiidan)	Bir kaarboon ah(aan tolnayn)	Bir kaarboon dhexdhexaad ah(aan tolnayn)
Qiimaynta Cadaadiska	Cadaadis hoose / dhexdhexaad ah	Cadaadis sare	Cadaadis Dhexdhexaad ah / Sare
Kala duwanaanshaha Heerkulka	≤ 450°C	Adeeg cadaadis sare leh, heerkul sare leh	Heerkulka dhexe ilaa sare (oo ay ku jiraan kuleyliyeyaasha aadka u sarreeya)
Habka Wax Soo Saarka	Qabow-jeex oo keliya	Aan tolnayn (kuleyl lagu dhammeeyay ama qabow lagu sameeyay)	Aan tolnayn (kuleyl lagu dhammeeyay ama qabow lagu sameeyay)
Darajooyinka la heli karo	A179	A192	Fasalka A-1, Fasalka C
Kala duwanaanshaha Cabbirka (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Isbarbardhigga Halabuurka Kiimikada

Walax	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Heerka A-1	ASTM A210 Heerka C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Mn (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
B (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

Kala duwanaanshaha muhiimka ah ayaa la sharraxay:

Kaarboonka ku jira– A179 iyo A192 labaduba waa bir kaarboon yar (0.06-0.18%), taasoo bixinaysa alxan aad u fiican; A210 waa bir kaarboon dhexdhexaad ah (Heerka C ilaa 0.35%), taasoo bixinaysa xoog sare laakiin alxan yar.

Waxyaabaha ku jira silikoon– A210 si cad ayuu ugu baahan yahay silicon (≥0.10%) si loo hagaajiyo iska caabbinta oksaydhka iyo xoogga heerkulka sare, taas oo muhiim u ah adeegga kuleyliyaha sare.

Nadaafad– A192 waxay leedahay xad adag oo ku saabsan fosfooraska iyo sulfur (≤0.025%) marka la barbar dhigo A179 (≤0.035%), taasoo hubinaysa tayo sare oo loogu talagalay codsiyada cadaadiska sare leh.

IV. Isbarbardhigga Sifooyinka Farsamada

Hantida	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Heerka A-1	ASTM A210 Heerka C
Xoogga Tijaabada (MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Xoogga Wax-soo-saarka (MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Kordhinta (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Adkaanta (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

Kala duwanaanshaha muhiimka ah ayaa la sharraxay:

Heerarka xoogga– A179 iyo A192 waxay leeyihiin xoog isku mid ah (taagid ≥325 MPa); A210 Darajada A-1 waxay bixisaa xoog dhan 28% oo ka sarreeya (≥415 MPa), halka Darajada C ay gaarto ≥485 MPa.

Xakamaynta adkaysiga– Adkaantu way korodhaa marka la eego heerka xoogga: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Darajada A-1 ≤79 HRB, Darajada C ≤89 HRB.

Macquulka xulashada- Heerkulka hawlgalka oo sareeya iyo cadaadisku waxay u baahan yihiin agab xoog badan.

V. Isbarbardhigga Dulqaadka Dhexroorka Dibadda

Saddexda heerba waxay qaataan nidaam dulqaad OD oo joogto ah, iyadoo la raacayo ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Tuubooyinka Qabow-la-jeexjeexay/Qaboojiyey (Waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa A179, A192, iyo A210)

Kala duwanaanshaha OD (mm)	Dulqaadka OD (mm)	Heerarka Khuseeya
≤ 25.4	±0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	±0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	±0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	±0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	±0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	±0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Fiiro gaar ah:Tuubooyinka qabowga lagu jiido ee aan tolnayn, dulqaadka ugu adag (±0.10 mm) wuxuu khuseeyaa OD ≤25.4 mm, iyadoo dulqaadku si tartiib tartiib ah u nasto marka OD uu kordho. In ka badan 101.6 mm, dulqaadku wuxuu noqdaa mid togan oo dhinac ah (oo keliya ayaa loo oggol yahay cabbirka weyn, iyadoo cabbirka yar uu xaddidan yahay).

5.2 Tuubooyinka Kulul ee Dhammaaday (Waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa A192 iyo A210)

Kala duwanaanshaha OD (mm)	Dulqaadka OD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Fiiro gaar ah:Tuubooyinka kulul ee la dhammeeyay waxay leeyihiin dulqaad OD oo ka dabacsan tuubooyinka qabow ee la jiido, iyadoo leh qaybin "togan-weyn, taban-yar" oo aan sinnayn. A179 wuxuu farayaa soo saarista qabow ee la jiido, sidaa darteed kuma lug laha dulqaadka OD ee kulul ee la dhammeeyay.

VI. Isbarbardhigga Dulqaadka Dhumucda Darbiga

6.1 Tuubooyinka Qabow-Qaabaysan / Qabow-Dhammaystiran (Aasaaska A179, sidoo kale waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa A192/A210)

ASTM A179 si cad ayuu ugu baahan yahay tuubooyin bir ah oo kaarboon yar leh oo qabow lagu soo jiiday, nidaamkeeda dulqaadka dhumucda derbiguna waa sidan soo socota:

Kala duwanaanshaha OD (mm)	Dulqaadka Dhumucda Darbiga
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Fiiro gaar ah:Tuubooyinka qabowga laga soo saaro waxay leeyihiindulqaad togan oo dhinac ah- dhumucda derbiga waa la oggol yahay inay ka dhumuc weynaato, laakiin waligood ma khafiifto. Tani waxay hubinaysaa faa'iido badbaado oo loogu talagalay adeegga cadaadiska sare. Dhibco kasta oo la cabbiray waa inay u dhaxaysaa dhumucda magaca iyo 120% magaca;leexashada taban si adag ayaa loo mamnuucay.

6.2 Dhumucda Darbiga ee Tuubada Kulul ee Dhammaystiran (A192 / A210)

Tuubooyinka aan xuduud lahayn ee kulul ee la dhammeeyay waxay raacaan A450/A450M:

Kala duwanaanshaha Dhumucda Darbiga (mm)	Dulqaadka Dhumucda Darbiga
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Fiiro gaar ah:Tuubooyinka kulul ee la dhammeeyay waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan dulqaad togan oo dhinac ah (kaliya dhumuc weyn), laakiin xadka sare ayaa si weyn uga sarreeya kuwa tuubooyinka qabowga lagu shubo. Dhumucda derbiga caadiga ah (>4.6 mm), dhammaystirka kulul wuxuu u oggolaanayaa +28%/-0%, halka jeexitaanka qabow uu u oggolaanayo +20~22%/-0%.Qabow-jeexitaanku wuxuu bixiyaa saxnaan aad u sarreysa oo ah xakamaynta dhumucda derbiga.

6.3 Soo Koobidda Dulqaadka Dhumucda Darbiga ee Dhammaan Saddexda Heer

Habka Wax Soo Saarka	Kala duwanaanshaha OD	Dulqaadka Dhumucda Darbiga
Qabow-jeex ah (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
Qabow-jeex ah (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
Aad u dhammaystiran (A192/A210)	Dhammaan dhumucda	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Shuruudaha Habka Wax Soo Saarka iyo Tijaabada

7.1 Habka Wax Soo Saarka

ASTM A179– Si cad ayaa loogu baahan yahayqabow-soo jiidanwax soo saar, oo ay ku xigto daaweynta kulaylka heerkul aan ka hooseyn 650°C ka dib marka la dhaafo qaboojiyaha ugu dambeeya.

ASTM A192- Geedi socod aan kala go 'lahayn; waxaa lagu calaamadayn karaa mid kulul oo la dhammeeyay ama mid qabow lagu sameeyay.

ASTM A210- Hawsha aan kala go 'lahayn; waxaa lagu calaamadeyn karaa mid kulul ama mid qabow lagu sameeyay; waa in agabka laBir la dilay.

7.2 Shuruudaha Tijaabada

Saddexda heerba waxay u baahan yihiin imtixaanada soo socda:

Imtixaanka Fiditaanka

Imtixaanka Iftiiminta

Imtixaanka Adkaanta

Tijaabada Hydrostatic ama Tijaabada Korontada aan burburin

Intaa waxaa dheer, tuubooyinka kululeeyaha sare ee hoos yimaada A210 waa inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha sameynta hawlgallada sidabiligleynaya, kuulaynta, sameynta, alxanka, iyo foorarsiga.

VIII. Geedka Go'aanka Xulashada Agabka