—— Sanonpipe, Alaab-qeybiyaha aad ku kalsoon tahay ee Tuubooyinka Biyo-kuleylka iyo Tuubooyinka Heerkulka Sare leh ee aan kala go 'lahayn

I. Hordhac Caadi ah - Saldhigga Tuubooyinka Birta ah ee Warshadaha Jarmalka ee Kulul-u-adkaysta

DIN 17175waa heerka warshadaha Jarmalkatuubooyin aan kala go 'lahayn oo laga sameeyay biraha u adkaysta kulaylka, oo cinwaan looga dhigay tuubooyin aan kala go 'lahayn oo biraha u adkaysta kulaylka. Waxay khuseysaa tuubooyinka aan kala go'a lahayn - oo ay ku jiraan tuubooyinka madaxyada - ee loo isticmaalo dhismaha kuleyliyeyaasha, dhuumaha, weelasha cadaadiska iyo qalabka loogu talagalay adeegga ilaa iyo600 °Ciyo cadaadis sare oo isku mar ah.

Qeexitaan ahaan: "Biraha leh sifooyin farsamo oo wanaagsan xitaa marka ay muddo dheer ku jiraan cadaadis heerkul sare, ilaa 600 °C, waxaa loo tixgelin doonaa inay u adkaystaan ​​​​kuleylka heerkulka sare." Tuubooyinka waa in si ku habboon loogu shubaa kulaylka dhererkooda oo dhan.

Standardku wuxuu daboolayaa dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee9 darajo oo bir ah, oo u dhaxaysaBiraha kulaylka u adkaysta ee kaarboonkaiyoBiraha kulaylka u adkaysta ee aan daawaha lahayn to Biraha kulaylka u adkaysta ee martensiticIyadoo tobanaan sano oo taariikh ah lagu dabaqay soo saarista kuleyliyaha iyo weelka cadaadiska ee Jarmalka iyo Yurub, DIN 17175 ayaa weli ah qeexitaan si ballaaran loo tixraaco oo loogu talagalay biraha dhuumaha ee heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska sare leh.

Fiiro gaar ah:DIN 17175 waxaa inta badan lagu beddelay heerka iswaafajinta Yurub.EN 10216-2(Tuubooyinka birta ah ee aan tolnayn ujeeddooyinka cadaadiska - Xaaladaha keenista farsamada - Qaybta 2: Tuubooyinka birta ah ee aan dahaarka lahayn iyo kuwa birta ah oo leh sifooyin heerkul sare oo cayiman). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, noocyada darajada DIN 17175 ayaa weli si ballaaran looga isticmaalaa adduunka oo dhan, warshado badan oo jira, naqshado hore iyo tilmaamo farsamo ayaa sii wada inay soo xiganayaan. Sanonpipe waxay keeni kartaa alaab sida waafaqsanmidkood DIN 17175 ama EN 10216-2, sida uu macaamiishu u baahan yahay.

II. Goobaha Codsiga - Xulashada Agabka Aasaasiga ah ee Warshadaha Kuleyliyaha, Korontada iyo Kiimikada Batrool

Tuubooyinka DIN 17175 ee aan tolnayn waxaa ugu horreyn loo isticmaalaa codsiyada heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska sare ee soo socda:

Aagga Codsiga	Isticmaalo Gaar ah	Xaaladaha Hawlgalka
Dhismaha kuleyliyaha	Dusha sare ee kulaylinta, tuubooyinka gidaarka biyaha, tuubooyinka dhaqaale-yaqaannada ee kuleyliyeyaasha cadaadiska sare leh	Ilaa 600 ° C, uumi cadaadis sare leh
Dhuumaha uumiga	Khadadka ugu muhiimsan ee uumiga, khadadka dib u kululaynta, madaxyada	Heerkul sare iyo cadaadis, adeeg muddo dheer ah
Xididdada cadaadiska	Qalabka iyo weelasha cadaadiska heerkulka sare leh	Cadaadis + heerkul sare
Koronto soo saarid	Tuubooyinka tamarta kulaylka iyo warshadaha nukliyeerka	Qaybaha adeegga muhiimka ah
Warshadaha kiimikada batroolka	Tuubooyinka habka heerkulka sare, beddelayaasha kulaylka	Heerkul sare + warbaahin daxal leh

Sida ku xusan Qaybta 4aad ee heerka, doorashada heerka birta waxay ku xiran tahay go'aanka macaamiisha. Sanonpipe waxay bixin kartaa talo xirfadeed oo ku salaysan xuduudaha hawlgalka gaarka ah ee macaamiisha.

III. Darajooyinka Agabka - Dabool buuxa oo Sagaal Bir ah

Daboolka DIN 171759 darajo oo bir ah, oo u dhexeeya birta kaarboonka ilaa birta la isku daray iyo birta caadiga ah ee u adkaysta kulaylka ilaa birta u adkaysta kulaylka martensitic:

Heerka Birta	Lambarka Agabka	Nooca	Astaamaha ugu Muhiimsan
St35.8	1.0305	Kaarboon u adkaysta kulaylka	Heerka aasaasiga ah ee tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha guud
St45.8	1.0405	Kaarboon u adkaysta kulaylka	Inta badan si ballaaran ayaa loo isticmaalaa, xoog badanna wuu ka sarreeyaa St35.8
17 Mn 4	1.0481	Heerkulka u adkaysta daawaha hooseeya	Mn-xoojiyay, xoog sare leh
19 Mn 5	1.0482	Heerkulka u adkaysta daawaha hooseeya	Mn-xoojiyay, xitaa xoog sare leh
15 Bishi 3aad	1.5415	Molybdenum u adkaysta kulaylka	Waxaa ku jira Mo, sifooyin aad u fiican oo gurguurta
13 CrMo 4 4	1.7335	Cr-Mo u adkaysta kulaylka	Birta tuubada kuleyliyaha caadiga ah, iska caabbinta kulaylka oo sareysa
10 CrMo 9 10	1.7380	Cr-Mo u adkaysta kulaylka	Heer sare oo Cr-Mo ah, oo ku habboon heerkulka sare
14 MoV 6 3	1.7715	Kuleylka u adkaysta Mo-V	Waxaa ku jira Mo iyo V, waxqabad heerkul sare ah oo la hagaajiyay
X20 CrMoV 12 1	1.4922	kulaylka u adkaysta Martensitic	Waxyaabaha ugu badan ee daawaha laga sameeyay, heerkulka ugu badan ee adeegga 650 °C

IV. Sharaxaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan Darajooyinka Birta Muhiimka ah

4.1 St45.8 (Maaddada Lambarka 1.0405) – Birta ugu badan ee Kaarboon-kuleylka u adkaysta

St45.8 waa heerka birta kulaylka u adkaysta ee ugu badan ee la isticmaalo ee DIN 17175. "St" waxay u taagan tahay Stahl (birta), iyo "45" waxay tilmaamaysaa heer xoog oo ah qiyaastii 450 MPa.

Halabuurka Kiimikada (%):

Walax	Mawduuca St45.8	Faallooyin
C	≤ 0.21	Hubinta dheelitirka xoogga iyo adkeysiga
Si	0.10 – 0.35	Waxay hagaajisaa oksaydhka iyo iska caabbinta kulaylka
Mn	0.40 – 0.80	Waxay kordhisaa xoogga iyo adkaanta
P	≤ 0.020	Si adag ayaa loo xakameeyay si loo hubiyo adkeysiga heerkulka sare
S	≤ 0.020	Si adag loo xakameeyey shaqada kulul

Sifooyinka Farsamada:

Hantida	Qiimaha
Xoogga jiidista (σb)	410 – 530 MPa
Xoogga wax soo saarka (σs)	≥255 MPa
Kordhinta (δ5)	≥ 21%

Heerkulka adeegga ee lagu taliyay:≤ 500 °C (biraha kaarboonka ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay garaafti noqdaan marka lagu shaqeeyo heerkul ka sarreeya 450 °C muddo dheer)

Darajooyinka Caalamiga ah ee U-dhigma:

Heerka Caadiga ah	Darajada U dhiganta
Shiinaha (GB)	20G(GB 5310)
Mareykanka (ASTM)	A106 Darajada B
Jabaan (JIS)	STB42
Yurub (EN)	P235GH(EN 10216-2)

4.2 Taxanaha Birta ee Kulaylka u Adkeysata ee Daawaha (15Mo3 / 13CrMo44 / 10CrMo910)

Heerka Birta	Lambarka Agabka	Qaybaha ugu Muhiimsan ee Daawaynta	Heerkulka Adeegga	Codsiga Caadiga ah
15Bishii 3aad	1.5415	Mo	≤ 550 °C	Kuleyliyaha sare ee kuleyliyaha, dib-u-kuleyliyaha
13CrMo44	1.7335	Cr-Mo	≤ 580 °C	Tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha cadaadiska sare leh, khadadka uumiga
10CrMo910	1.7380	Cr-Mo	≤ 600 °C	Tuubooyinka uumiga ee heerkulka sare leh, cadaadiska sare leh

4.3 X20CrMoV121 (Lambarka Agabka 1.4922) – Heerkulka ugu Sarreeya

X20CrMoV121 waaheerkulka ugu sarreeya ee laydhka ah iyo kan ugu sarreeya ee adeeggabirta ku jirta DIN 17175. Astaamaha Muhiimka ah:

Heerkulka ugu badan ee adeegga: 650 °C

Nooca qalabka:Birta kulaylka u adkaysta ee Martensitic

Sifooyinka Muhiimka ah:Maaddada daawaha sare waxay bixisaa xoog gurguurta oo aad u fiican iyo iska caabin oksaydheynta uumiga

Alxanka:Waxay u baahan tahay habraacyo gaar ah (kuleyl kahor + daaweynta kulaylka alxanka kadib)

Codsiyada caadiga ah:Cutubyada heerkulka sare/cadaadiska sare ee warshadaha korontada ee la soo dhoofiyo - tuubooyinka uumiga ugu weyn, kuleyliyaha sare, dib-u-kuleyliyaha, iyo qaybaha kale ee muhiimka ah

V. Darajooyinka Tayada - Darajada I iyo Darajada III

DIN 17175 wuxuu qeexayaalaba darajo oo tayo leh: Darajada 1aadiyoFasalka III.

Heerka Tayada	Xaaladaha Khuseeya	Shuruudaha Imtixaanka	Codsiyada Caadiga ah
Darajada 1aad	Heerkulka ≤ 450 °C, cadaadis ≤ 80 bar	Imtixaanka aasaasiga ah	Kuleyliyaasha cadaadiska hooseeya ilaa dhexdhexaadka ah
Fasalka III	Heerkulka > 450 °C ama cadaadis > 80 bar	Tijaabo adag(100% NDT, baaritaanno faraanti oo soo noqnoqda)	Kuleyliyeyaasha cadaadiska sare leh, kuleyliyeyaasha aadka u sarreeya, dib-u-kuleyliyeyaasha

Tuubooyinka birta kaarboonka ah (St35.8, St45.8), labada darajo ee I iyo heerka III ayaa laga yaabaa inay khuseeyaan; tuubooyinka birta daawaha ah,Fasalka III oo keliyawaa la dabaqi karaa.

VI. Shuruudaha Habka Wax Soo Saarka iyo Tijaabada

6.1 Habka Wax Soo Saarka

Sida ku xusan Qaybta 6.1.1, tuubooyinka waxaa soo saari kararogidda kulul ama qabow, riixitaan kulul, sawir kulul ama qabowHabka gaarka ah wuxuu ku xiran yahay cabbirrada loo baahan yahay iyo codsiga.

6.2 Daaweynta Kulaylka

Tuubooyinka waa in si ku habboon loogu shubaa kulaylka dhererkooda oo dhan. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca birta, daaweynta kulaylka soo socda ayaa la isticmaali karaa:

Caadiyeynta(biraha kaarboonka St35.8, St45.8)

Nadiifinta Subcritical

Adkaynta iyo hagaajinta(biraha daawaha)

13CrMo44 iyo 10CrMo910, heerkulbeeggu wuxuu noqon karaa mid ku filan xaaladaha qaarkood. Biraha 14MoV63 iyo X20CrMoV121waa inlagu siin doonaa xaalad adag oo la hagaajiyay.

6.3 Tijaabada Aan Wax Burbur Ahayn (NDT)

Waayo,Tuubooyinka Fasalka III, heerka wuxuu u baahan yahay:

100% NDT(tijaabinta ultrasound) ee cilladaha dhererka

Baaritaan dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan cilladaha isdhaafka ah iyo/ama laminations waa la isku raaci karaa.

6.4 Tijaabooyinka Giraanta

Tuubooyinka fasalka III waxaa lagu sameyn karaa baaritaanno faraanti, oo ay ku jiraan:

Tijaabada simitaanka giraanta

Imtixaanka ballaarinta giraanta

Tijaabada gariirka giraanta

Tuubooyinka Heerka III ee dhexroorkoodu yahay ≤ 51 mm,20%dhererka la duubay ayaa la tijaabiyaa; kuwa ka badan 51 mm,labada daraf ee dherer kasta oo la duubaywaxaa lagu tijaabiyaa giraanta.

VII. Heerarka Caalamiga ah ee U-dhigma

DIN 17175 waxay leedahay dhowr heer oo isku mid ah ama la beddeli karo adduunka oo dhan:

Nidaamka Caadiga ah	Heerka u dhigma	Faallooyin
Yurub (EN)	EN 10216-2	Beddelka tooska ah (tuubooyinka heerkulka sare leh ee aan kala go 'lahayn)
Mareykanka (ASTM)	ASTM A106 / A213 / A335	tuubooyinka heerkulka sare ee aan xuduud lahayn
Shiinaha (GB)	GB 5310(tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha cadaadiska sare leh)	Heerka tuubada kuleyliyaha ee gaarka ah
Shiinaha (GB)	GB 3087 (tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha cadaadiska hoose/dhexe)	Tuubooyinka kuleeliyaha cadaadiska hooseeya/dhexdhexaadka ah
Boqortooyada Midowday (UK)	BS 3059 / BS 3602	Heerarka tuubada kuleyliyaha
Faransiiska (NF)	NF A 49-213	tuubooyinka heerkulka sare ee aan xuduud lahayn

VIII. Tixraac Degdeg ah - Isu-ekaanshaha Caalamiga ah ee Darajooyinka Muhiimka ah ee DIN 17175

Darajada DIN 17175	Lambarka Agabka	Shiinaha GB	ASTM-ka Mareykanka	Yurub EN
St35.8	1.0305	20G (qiyaastii)	A106 Darajada A	P235GH
St45.8	1.0405	20G	A106 Darajada B	P235GH
17Mn4	1.0481	Q345	—	—
19Mn5	1.0482	Q390	—	—
15Bishii 3aad	1.5415	15MoG	A209 T1a	—
13CrMo44	1.7335	15CrMoG	A213 T12	13CrMo4-5
10CrMo910	1.7380	12Cr2MoG	A213 T22	10CrMo9-10
14MoV63	1.7715	—	—	—
X20CrMoV121	1.4922	—	—	—

IX. Maxaad u dooratay Sanonpipe?

Faa'iidooyinkayaga	Sharaxaad Faahfaahsan
Khibrad caadi ah	Faham qoto dheer oo ku saabsan DIN 17175 iyo EN 10216-2 - waxaan si sax ah u fasirnaa oo u dhaqannaa shuruud kasta
Hubinta walxaha	Caymis buuxa laga bilaabo St35.8 ilaa X20CrMoV121; shahaadooyin dhammaystiran oo agab ah (EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2 ayaa diyaar ah)
Cabbirro dhammaystiran	Kala duwanaanshaha sahayda: OD 10–426 mm, WT 1–40 mm – oo daboolaya dhammaan shuruudaha cabbirka ee DIN 17175
Dammaanad tayo leh	Awood u leh inuu buuxiyo shuruudaha Fasalka I iyo Fasalka III – 100% NDT oo loogu talagalay tuubooyinka Fasalka III
Gaarsiin degdeg ah	20,000 oo tan oo kayd joogto ah ah; dalabaadka degdegga ah ayaa la soo dirayaa 7-15 maalmood gudahood
Taageero adeeg buuxa ah	Laga bilaabo weydiinta iyo caddeynta farsamada, ilaa xigashada, dukumeentiyada iyo saadka - gaarsiinta hal joogsi ah
Ballanqaad aan khatar lahayn	240+ kontaroolada xakamaynta tayada gudaha; wax khilaaf ah oo ku jira dukumentiyada
Taageerada u hoggaansanaanta CBAM	Caawinta diyaarinta xogta raadadka kaarboonka badeecada si loo waafajiyo Habka Hagaajinta Xuduudaha Kaarboonka ee Midowga Yurub

X. Nala soo xiriir

Sanonpipe waxay u heellan tahay inay macaamiisha adduunka siiso tuubooyin tayo sare leh oo aan kala go 'lahayn oo buuxiya shuruudaha DIN 17175. Hadday tahay inaad u baahan tahay tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha, tuubooyinka kululeeyaha sare, tuubooyinka uumiga ama tuubooyinka cadaadiska, waxaan bixinnaa taageero farsamo oo xirfad leh iyo xalal sahay dabacsan.

Tusaalaha dalbashada caadiga ah:

Tuubo Bir ah oo aan kala go 'lahayn 51 × 3.0 DIN 17175 – St45.8 III

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