— Sanonpipe, Mofani oa Hao ea Tšepahalang oa Liphaephe tse se Nang Seamless bakeng sa Liboiler le Li-Heat Exchanger

I. Kakaretso ea Sistimi e Tloaelehileng

Lefapheng la lisebelisoa tsa phapanyetsano ea mocheso tse kang liboiler, li-heat exchanger le li-condenser, sistimi e tloaelehileng ea ASTM e tsejoa lefatšeng ka bophara e le tlhaloso e nepahetseng. Har'a tsona,ASTM A179, A192, le A210ke litekanyetso tse tharo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa sehlahisoa bakeng sa lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang sekoli, tse koahelang litšepe tse nang le khabone e tlase le tse nang le khabone e mahareng bakeng sa litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa khatello le maemo a mocheso.

Litekanyetso tsohle tse tharo li oela tlas'a taolo ea Komiti ea ASTM A01 le litšupisoASTM A450/A450Me le moralo o tloaelehileng oa litlhoko tsa tekheniki, o etsang sistimi ea maemo a mabeli: "Tekanyetso ea Litlhoko tse Akaretsang + Tekanyetso e Ikhethang ea Sehlahisoa". Karolo ea 9 ea A450/A450M ("Liphapang tse Lumelloang Botenya ba Lebota") le Tafole ea 2 e tsamaellanang le eona ke motheo o le mong oa molao oa ho fumana mamello ea botenya ba lebota bakeng sa lipeipi tlas'a maemo ana a mararo. Ho utloisisa liphapang le likamano tsa tsona ke habohlokoa bakeng sa khetho e nepahetseng ea thepa, ho qotsa ka nepo, le ho qoba mathata a boleng.

II. Papiso ea Boemo ba Motheo ba Maemo a Mararo

Karolo	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210
Sehlooho se Felletseng	Liphaephe tsa Tšepe e Tlase e Huloang ka Khabone e Ntle tse se Nang Motsoako oa ho Fetola Mocheso le Liphaephe tsa Condenser tse Huloang ka Batang tse se Nang Motsoako	Li-Tube tsa Boiler tsa Tšepe ea Khabone tse se Nang Seamless bakeng sa Tšebeletso ea Khatello e Phahameng	Boiler ea Tšepe ea Khabone e Mahareng e se Nang Seamless le Liphaephe tsa Superheater
Kopo ea mantlha	Li-exchange tsa mocheso, li-condensers le lisebelisoa tse tšoanang tsa phetisetso ea mocheso	Liphaephe tsa boiler tse nang le khatello e phahameng le liphaephe tsa superheater	Liphaephe tsa boiler, liphaephe tsa flue, liphaephe tsa arch, le liphaephe tsa superheater
Mofuta oa Boitsebiso	Tšepe e nang le khabone e tlase(e huloang ka serame)	Tšepe ea k'habone(e se nang seamless)	Tšepe ea khabone e mahareng(e se nang seamless)
Tekanyetso ea Khatello	Khatello e tlase / e mahareng	Khatello e phahameng	Kgatelelo e mahareng / e phahameng
Boemo ba Thempereichara	≤ 450°C	Tšebeletso ea khatello e phahameng le mocheso o phahameng	Mocheso o mahareng ho isa ho o phahameng (ho kenyeletsoa le li-superheater)
Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso	E huloang ka serame feela	Ha e na seamless (e qetiloe ka ho chesa kapa e huloang ka serame)	Ha e na seamless (e qetiloe ka ho chesa kapa e huloang ka serame)
Likereiti tse fumanehang	A179	A192	Sehlopha sa A-1, Sehlopha sa C
Boholo ba Boholo (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Papiso ea Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale

Karolo	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Kereiti A-1	ASTM A210 Kereiti C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Mn (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
P (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

Liphapang tsa bohlokoa li hlalositsoe:

Dikahare tsa khabone– A179 le A192 ka bobeli ke litšepe tse nang le khabone e tlase (0.06-0.18%), tse fanang ka ho tjheseletsa ho babatsehang; A210 ke tšepe e nang le khabone e mahareng (Kereiti ea C ho fihlela ho 0.35%), e fanang ka matla a phahameng empa ho tjheseletsa ho tlase.

Dikahare tsa silicon– A210 e hloka ka ho hlaka silicon (≥0.10%) ho ntlafatsa khanyetso ea oxidation le matla a mocheso o phahameng, e leng sa bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebeletso ea superheater.

Bohloeki– A192 e na le meeli e thata ho phosphorus le sebabole (≤0.025%) ha e bapisoa le A179 (≤0.035%), e netefatsang boleng bo holimo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa khatello e phahameng.

IV. Papiso ea Thepa ea Mekaniki

Thepa	ASTM A179	ASTM A192	ASTM A210 Kereiti A-1	ASTM A210 Kereiti C
Matla a ho Tenyetseha (MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Matla a Tlhahiso (MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Ho lelefatsa (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Boima (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

Liphapang tsa bohlokoa li hlalositsoe:

Maemo a matla– A179 le A192 li na le matla a tšoanang (ho tenyetseha ≥325 MPa); A210 Kereiti A-1 e fana ka matla a ka bang 28% a phahameng (≥415 MPa), ha Kereiti C e fihla ≥485 MPa.

Taolo ea ho thatafala– Ho thatafala hoa eketseha ha matla a le teng: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Kereiti A-1 ≤79 HRB, Kereiti C ≤89 HRB.

Mokhoa oa khetho– Dithempereichara tse phahameng tsa tshebetso le kgatello di hloka thepa e matla haholo.

V. Papiso ea Mamello ea Bophara ba Kantle

Litekanyetso tsohle tse tharo li amohela sistimi e tsitsitseng ea mamello ea OD, e latelang ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Liphaephe tse Huloang ka Batang / tse Feliloeng ka Batang (E sebetsa ho A179, A192, le A210)

Sebaka sa OD (mm)	Mamello ea OD (mm)	Maemo a Sebetsang
≤ 25.4	± 0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	± 0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	± 0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	± 0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	± 0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	± 0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Hlokomela:Bakeng sa lipeipi tse hulang ka mokhoa o batang tse se nang mohele, mamello e tiileng ka ho fetisisa (± 0.10 mm) e sebetsa ho OD ≤25.4 mm, ka mamello e phomollang butle-butle ha OD e ntse e eketseha. Ka holimo ho 101.6 mm, mamello e ba lehlakoreng le le leng le le leng le letle (e lumelloa feela ka boholo bo feteletseng, ka boholo bo fokolang bo fokolang).

5.2 Liphaephe tse Chesang (E sebetsa ho A192 le A210)

Sebaka sa OD (mm)	Mamello ea OD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Hlokomela:Li-tube tse phethiloeng ka mocheso li na le mamello e hlephileng ea OD ho feta li-tube tse huloang ka mocheso o batang, tse nang le kabo e sa lekanang ea "positive-kholoanyane, negative-small". A179 e laela tlhahiso e huloang ka mocheso o batang, kahoo ha e kenyeletse mamello ea OD e phethiloeng ka mocheso.

VI. Papiso ea Mamello ea Botenya ba Lebota

6.1 Liphaephe tse Huloang ka Batang / tse Feliloeng ka Batang (Sehlohlolo sa A179, se boetse se sebetsa ho A192/A210)

ASTM A179 e hloka ka ho hlaka lipeipi tsa tšepe tse hulang ka khabone e tlase tse huloang ka serame, 'me sistimi ea eona ea ho mamella botenya ba lebota e tjena:

Sebaka sa OD (mm)	Mamello ea Botenya ba Lebota
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Hlokomela:Liphaephe tse huloang ka serame li na lemamello e ntle ea lehlakore le le leng– botenya ba lebota bo dumellwa ho ba botenya, empa le ka mohla bo se be bosesaane. Sena se netefatsa moedi wa polokeho bakeng sa tshebeletso ya kgatello e phahameng. Ntlha e nngwe le e nngwe e lekantsweng e lokela ho wela pakeng tsa botenya ba nominee le 120% ya nominee;ho kheloha ho fosahetseng ho thibetsoe ka tieo.

6.2 Mamello ea Botenya ba Lebota la Tube e Felitsoeng ka Mocheso (A192 / A210)

Liphaephe tse se nang seamless tse phethiloeng ka mocheso li latela A450/A450M:

Botenya ba Lebota (mm)	Mamello ea Botenya ba Lebota
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Hlokomela:Liphaephe tse phethiloeng ka mocheso le tsona li sebelisa mamello e ntle ea lehlakore le le leng (e teteaneng feela), empa meeli e ka holimo e phahame haholo ho feta ea liphaephe tse huloang ka serame. Bakeng sa botenya bo tloaelehileng ba lebota (>4.6 mm), tse phethiloeng ka mocheso li lumella +28%/-0%, ha tse huloang ka mocheso li lumella feela +20~22%/-0%.E huloang ka serame e fana ka ho nepahala ho hoholo ha taolo ea botenya ba lebota.

6.3 Kakaretso ea Mamello ea Botenya ba Lebota bakeng sa Maemo 'Ohle a Mararo

Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso	Mefuta ea OD	Mamello ea Botenya ba Lebota
E huloang ka serame (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
E huloang ka serame (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
E phethiloe ka ho chesa (A192/A210)	Botenya bohle	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Litlhoko tsa Ts'ebetso ea Tlhahiso le Liteko

7.1 Tsamaiso ea Tlhahiso

ASTM A179– E hloka ka ho hlakae huloang ka serametlhahiso, e lateloe ke kalafo ea mocheso mochesong o sa feteng 650°C kamora ho feta ha ho bata.

ASTM A192– Ts'ebetso e se nang sekoli; e ka tšoauoa e le e phethiloeng ka mocheso kapa e huloang ka serame.

ASTM A210– Ts'ebetso e se nang sekoli; e ka tšoauoa e le e phethiloeng ka mocheso kapa e huloang ka serame; thepa e tlameha ho batšepe e bolailoeng.

7.2 Litlhoko tsa Teko

Litekanyetso tsohle tse tharo li hloka liteko tse latelang:

Teko ea ho Batalatsa

Teko ea ho Chesa

Teko ea ho tiea

Teko ea Hydrostatic kapa Teko ea Motlakase e sa Senyeheng

Ho phaella moo, lipeipi tsa superheater tse ka tlase ho A210 li tlameha ho fihlela litlhoko tsa ho theha ts'ebetso e kangho tjhesa, ho betla, ho tjheseletsa, le ho kobeha.

VIII. Sefate sa Liqeto sa Khetho ea Lintho