—— Sanonpipe, Mofani oa Hao ea Tšepahalang oa Liphaephe tse se nang Seamless tsa Boiler le tsa Mocheso o Phahameng

I. Selelekela se Tloaelehileng – Lejoe la Motheo la Liphaephe tsa Tšepe tse Hanelang Mocheso oa Liindasteri tsa Jeremane

DIN 17175ke tekanyetso ea indasteri ea Jeremane bakeng salipeipi tse se nang mohele tse entsoeng ka litšepe tse sa cheseng mocheso, e nang le sehlooho se reng liphaephe tse se nang mohele tsa litšepe tse sa cheseng mocheso. E sebetsa ho liphaephe tse se nang mohele - ho kenyeletsoa le liphaephe tsa lihlooho - tse sebelisoang kahong ea liboiler, liphaephe, likepe tsa khatello le lisebelisoa tsa tšebeletso ho fihlela ho600 °Cle khatello e phahameng ka nako e le 'ngoe.

Ka tlhaloso: “Litšepe tse nang le thepa e ntle ea mechini esita le tlas'a khatello ea nako e telele mochesong o phahameng, ho fihlela ho 600 °C, li tla nkoa e le tse hanelang mocheso mochesong o phahameng.” Liphaephe li tla fanoa ka mokhoa o loketseng oa ho phekoloa ka mocheso bolelele bohle ba tsona.

Tekanyetso e akaretsa mefuta e fapaneng eaLikereiti tse 9 tsa tšepe, ho tloha holitšepe tse sa cheseng mocheso oa carbonlelitšepe tse sa keneleng mocheso tse nang le motsoako o tlase to litšepe tse sa keneleng mocheso tsa martensiticKa lilemo tse mashome tsa nalane ea ts'ebeliso tlhahisong ea liboiler le likepe tsa khatello tsa Jeremane le Europe, DIN 17175 e ntse e le tlhaloso e buuoang haholo bakeng sa litšepe tsa liphaephe tse nang le mocheso o phahameng le khatello e phahameng.

Tlhokomeliso ea bohlokoa:DIN 17175 e nketsoe sebaka haholo ke maemo a kopaneng a EuropeEN 10216-2(Lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang mohele bakeng sa merero ea khatello – Maemo a ho fana ka thepa ea tekheniki – Karolo ea 2: Lipeipi tsa tšepe tse seng tsa motsoako le tse kopantsoeng tse nang le thepa e boletsoeng ea mocheso o phahameng). Leha ho le joalo, mabitso a sehlopha sa DIN 17175 a ntse a sebelisoa haholo lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me limela tse ngata tse teng, meralo ea khale le litlhaloso tsa tekheniki li ntse li tsoela pele ho li qotsa. Sanonpipe e ka fana ka lihlahisoa ho latelaekaba DIN 17175 kapa EN 10216-2, joalo ka ha moreki a hloka.

II. Masimo a Kopo – Khetho ea Thepa ea Bohlokoa bakeng sa Liindasteri tsa Boiler, Matla le Petrochemical

Li-tube tse se nang mohele tsa DIN 17175 li sebelisoa haholo-holo lits'ebetsong tse latelang tsa mocheso o phahameng le khatello e phahameng:

Sebaka sa Kopo	Tšebeliso e Ikhethang	Maemo a Ts'ebetso
Kaho ea boiler	Libaka tse futhumatsang, liphaephe tsa lebota la metsi, liphaephe tsa economiser tsa liboiler tse nang le khatello e phahameng	Ho fihlela ho 600 °C, mouoane o nang le khatello e phahameng
Liphaephe tsa mouoane	Methapo e meholo ea mouoane, mela e futhumatsang hape, lihlooho	Mocheso o phahameng le khatello, tšebeletso ea nako e telele
Methapo ea khatello	Mekepe le lisebelisoa tse nang le khatello e phahameng ea mocheso	Khatello + mocheso o phahameng
Tlhahiso ea motlakase	Matla a mocheso le liphaephe tsa fektheri ea nyutlelie	Likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa tšebeletso
Indasteri ea Petrochemical	Liphaephe tsa mocheso o phahameng, li-heat exchanger	Mocheso o phahameng + mecha ea phatlalatso e senyang

Ho ya ka Karolo ya 4 ya maemo ana, kgetho ya boleng ba tshepe e itshetlehile hodima qeto ya moreki. Sanonpipe e ka fana ka keletso ya botsebi ya kgetho ya thepa ho latela diparamente tse ikgethang tsa tshebetso tsa moreki.

III. Mekhahlelo ea Thepa - Kakaretso e Felletseng ea Litšepe tse Robong

Likoahelo tsa DIN 17175Likereiti tse 9 tsa tšepe, ho tloha ho litšepe tsa khabone ho ea ho litšepe tse kopantsoeng le ho tloha ho litšepe tse tloaelehileng tse hanelang mocheso ho ea ho litšepe tse hanelang mocheso tse nang le martensitic:

Kereiti ea Tšepe	Nomoro ea thepa	Mofuta	Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong
St35.8	1.0305	Ha e kenelle mochesong ka khabone	Sehlopha sa motheo bakeng sa liphaephe tsa boiler tse akaretsang
St45.8	1.0405	Ha e kenelle mochesong ka khabone	E sebelisoang haholo, matla a phahameng ho feta St35.8
17 Mn 4	1.0481	Ha e kenelle mocheso ka motsoako o tlase	Matla a matlafalitsoeng ke Mn, a phahameng
19 Mn 5	1.0482	Ha e kenelle mocheso ka motsoako o tlase	Matla a matlafalitsoeng le a phahameng le ho feta a Mn
15 Mots'eanong 3	1.5415	Molybdenum ha e kenelle mochesong	E na le Mo, thepa e ntle ea ho hloa
13 CrMo 4 4	1.7335	E hanela mocheso oa Cr-Mo	Tšepe e tloaelehileng ea tube ea boiler, khanyetso e phahameng ea mocheso
10 CrMo 9 10	1.7380	E hanela mocheso oa Cr-Mo	Tekanyo e phahameng ea Cr-Mo, e loketse mocheso o phahameng
14 MoV 6 3	1.7715	Mo-V ha e kenelle mocheso	E na le Mo le V, ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ea mocheso o phahameng
X20 CrMoV 12 1	1.4922	E hanela mocheso ka martensitic	Dikahare tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa alloy, mocheso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa wa tshebeletso 650 °C

IV. Tlhaloso e qaqileng ea Mekhahlelo ea Tšepe ea Bohlokoa

4.1 St45.8 (Thepa ea Nomoro ea 1.0405) – Tšepe e Hanelang Mocheso ea Khabone e Sebelisoang Haholo

St45.8 ke sehlopha sa tšepe se hanyetsanang le mocheso se sebelisoang khafetsa ka ho fetisisa ho DIN 17175. “St” e emetse Stahl (tšepe), 'me “45” e bontša boemo ba matla a ho thaepa a ka bang 450 MPa.

Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale (%):

Karolo	Dikahare tsa St45.8	Litlhaloso
C	≤ 0.21	E netefatsa tekano ea matla le ho tiea
Si	0.10 – 0.35	E ntlafatsa oxidation le ho hanyetsa mocheso
Mn	0.40 – 0.80	E eketsa matla le ho tiea ha eona
P	≤ 0.020	E laoloa ka tieo ho netefatsa ho tiea ha mocheso o phahameng
S	≤ 0.020	E laoloa ka tieo bakeng sa ho sebetsa hantle ha mocheso

Thepa ea Mekaniki:

Thepa	Boleng
Matla a ho thapolla (σb)	410 – 530 MPa
Matla a tlhahiso (σs)	≥255 MPa
Ho lelefatsa (δ5)	≥ 21%

Mocheso o khothaletsoang oa tšebeletso:≤ 500 °C (litšepe tsa khabone li ka fetoha graphite ha li sebelisoa kaholimo ho 450 °C ka nako e telele)

Mekhahlelo e Lekanang ea Machaba:

E tloaelehileng	Sehlopha se Lekanang
Chaena (GB)	20G(GB 5310)
USA (ASTM)	A106 Kereiti B
Japane (JIS)	STB42
Yuropa (EN)	P235GH(EN 10216-2)

4.2 Letoto la Tšepe e sa Futhumatseng ka Motsoako (15Mo3 / 13CrMo44 / 10CrMo910)

Kereiti ea Tšepe	Nomoro ea thepa	Lintho tse ka Sehloohong tsa ho Kopanya	Mocheso oa Tšebeletso	Tšebeliso e Tloaelehileng
15Mo3	1.5415	Mo	≤ 550 °C	Li-superheater tsa boiler, li-reheater tse nchafatsang
13CrMo44	1.7335	Cr-Mo	≤ 580 °C	Liphaephe tsa boiler tse nang le khatello e phahameng, mela ea mouoane
10CrMo910	1.7380	Cr-Mo	≤ 600 °C	Liphaephe tsa mouoane tse nang le mocheso o phahameng le khatello e phahameng

4.3 X20CrMoV121 (Thepa Nomoro ea 1.4922) – Kereiti ea Mocheso o Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa

X20CrMoV121 ke eonamocheso o kopantsoeng ka ho fetisisa le o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa tšebeletsotšepe ka DIN 17175. Likarolo tsa bohlokoa:

Mocheso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa tšebeletso: 650 °C

Mofuta oa thepa:Tšepe e sa keneleng mocheso ea Martensitic

Matlotlo a bohlokoa:Dikahare tse ngata tsa alloy di fana ka matla a maholo a ho kgefutsa le ho hanyetsa ho oxidation ka mouoane

Ho tjheseletsa:E hloka mekhoa e khethehileng (ho futhumatsa pele + kalafo ea mocheso ka mor'a ho chesetsoa)

Likopo tse tloaelehileng:Diyuniti tsa mocheso o phahameng/khatello e phahameng ditsing tsa motlakase tse tswang kantle ho naha – diphaephe tse kgolo tsa mouoane, di-superheater, di-reheater, le dikarolo tse ding tsa bohlokwa

V. Mekhahlelo ea Boleng – Kereiti ea I le ea III

DIN 17175 e hlalosalimaraka tse peli tsa boleng: Sehlopha sa IleSehlopha sa III.

Kereiti ea Boleng	Maemo a Sebetsang	Litlhoko tsa Teko	Likopo tse Tloaelehileng
Sehlopha sa I	Mocheso ≤ 450 °C, khatello ≤ 80 bare	Teko ea motheo	Liboiler tsa khatello e tlase ho isa ho e mahareng
Sehlopha sa III	Mocheso > 450 °C kapa khatello > 80 bare	Teko e thata haholoanyane(100% NDT, liteko tse atisang ho etsoa khafetsa tsa lesale)	Liboiler tse nang le khatello e phahameng, li-superheater, li-reheater

Bakeng sa lipeipi tsa tšepe ea khabone (St35.8, St45.8), Sehlopha sa I le sa III ka bobeli li ka sebetsa; bakeng sa lipeipi tsa tšepe ea alloy,Sehlopha sa III feelae sebetsa.

VI. Litlhoko tsa Ts'ebetso ea Tlhahiso le Liteko

6.1 Tsamaiso ea Tlhahiso

Ho ya ka Karolo ya 6.1.1, diphaephe di ka etswa keho phutholoha ho chesang kapa ho batang, ho tobetsa ho chesang, ho taka ho chesang kapa ho batangTs'ebetso e itseng e ipapisitse le litekanyo le ts'ebeliso e hlokahalang.

6.2 Kalafo ea Mocheso

Liphaephe li lokela ho fanoa ka mokhoa o loketseng o hloekisitsoeng ka mocheso bolelele bohle ba tsona. Ho latela mofuta oa tšepe, mekhoa e latelang ea ho futhumatsa e ka sebelisoa:

Ho etsa hore lintho li be boemong bo tloaelehileng(bakeng sa litšepe tsa khabone St35.8, St45.8)

Ho annealing ka tlas'a tlhahlobo

Ho thatafatsa le ho nolofatsa(bakeng sa litšepe tsa alloy)

Bakeng sa 13CrMo44 le 10CrMo910, ho tjhesa feela ho ka ba ho lekaneng tlasa maemo a itseng.tlamehae fanoe boemong bo thatafetseng le bo halefileng.

6.3 Teko e sa Senyeheng (NDT)

Bakeng saLiphaephe tsa Sehlopha sa III, tekanyetso e hloka:

100% NDT(tlhahlobo ea ultrasound) bakeng sa liphoso tsa nako e telele

Ho ka lumellanoa ka liteko tse ling bakeng sa liphoso tse tšekaletseng le/kapa li-lamination.

6.4 Liteko tsa Lesale

Lipeipi tsa Kereiti ea III li ka etsoa liteko tsa lesale, ho kenyeletsoa:

Teko ea ho batalatsa lesale

Teko ea ho atolosa lesale

Teko ea ho tsitlella lesale

Bakeng sa lipeipi tsa Kereiti ea III tse nang le bophara ba kantle ba ≤ 51 mm,20%bolelele ba meqolo boa lekoa; bakeng sa ba fetang 51 mm,lipheletso ka bobeli tsa bolelele bo bong le bo bong bo phutholohilengli lekoa ka lesale.

VII. Maemo a Tekano a Machaba

DIN 17175 e na le maemo a 'maloa a lekanang kapa a ka fapanyetsanoang lefatšeng ka bophara:

Sistimi e Tloaelehileng	Tekanyetso e Tšoanang	Litlhaloso
Yuropa (EN)	EN 10216-2	Phetolo e tobileng (liphaephe tse se nang mohele tse mocheso o phahameng)
USA (ASTM)	ASTM A106 / A213 / A335	Liphaephe tse se nang mohele tse mocheso o phahameng
Chaena (GB)	GB 5310(liphaephe tsa boiler tse nang le khatello e phahameng)	Tekanyetso e inehetseng ea tube ea boiler
Chaena (GB)	GB 3087 (liphaephe tsa boiler tse nang le khatello e tlase/e mahareng)	Liphaephe tsa boiler tse nang le khatello e tlase/e mahareng
UK (BS)	BS 3059 / BS 3602	Litekanyetso tsa tube ea boiler
Fora (NF)	NF A 49-213	Liphaephe tse se nang mohele tse mocheso o phahameng

VIII. Setšoantšo se Potlakileng - Litekanyo tsa Machaba tsa DIN ea Bohlokoa 17175 Grades

Kereiti ea DIN 17175	Nomoro ea thepa	China GB	USA ASTM	Europe EN
St35.8	1.0305	20G (hoo e ka bang)	A106 Kereiti A	P235GH
St45.8	1.0405	20G	A106 Kereiti B	P235GH
17Mn4	1.0481	Q345	—	—
19Mn5	1.0482	Q390	—	—
15Mo3	1.5415	15MoG	A209 T1a	—
13CrMo44	1.7335	15CrMoG	A213 T12	13CrMo4-5
10CrMo910	1.7380	12Cr2MoG	A213 T22	10CrMo9-10
14MoV63	1.7715	—	—	—
X20CrMoV121	1.4922	—	—	—

IX. Ke Hobane'ng ha U Khetha Sanonpipe?

Melemo ea Rona	Tlhaloso e qaqileng
Tsebo e tloaelehileng	Kutloisiso e tebileng ea DIN 17175 le EN 10216-2 - re hlalosa le ho sebelisa tlhoko e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ka nepo
Tiisetso ea thepa	Tšireletso e felletseng ho tloha ho St35.8 ho isa ho X20CrMoV121; litifikeiti tse felletseng tsa thepa (EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2 lia fumaneha)
Boholo bo akaretsang	Mefuta ea phepelo: OD 10–426 mm, Boima 1–40 mm – e akaretsa litlhoko tsohle tsa DIN 17175.
Tiisetso ea boleng	E khona ho fihlela litlhoko tsa Sehlopha sa I le sa III - 100% NDT bakeng sa lipeipi tsa Sehlopha sa III
Phano e potlakileng	Lithane tse 20,000 tsa thepa e tloaelehileng; liodara tse potlakileng li romelloa matsatsing a 7-15
Tšehetso ea tšebeletso e felletseng	Ho tloha ho dipatlisiso le tlhaloso ya botekgeniki, ho ya ho khotheishene, ditokomane le ditsamaiso – ho tlisa thepa hang feela
Boitlamo ba ho se be le kotsi	Libaka tsa tlhahlobo tsa taolo ea boleng ba kahare tse fetang 240; ha ho na liphapang litokomaneng
Tšehetso ea ho latela melao ea CBAM	Thuso ho lokiseng tlhahisoleseding ea carbon footprint ea sehlahisoa bakeng sa ho latela melao e boreleli ea EU ea ho Lokisa Moeli oa Khabone

X. Ikopanye le Rona

Sanonpipe e inehetse ho fa bareki ba lefats'e ka bophara lipeipi tse se nang sekoli tsa boleng bo holimo tse fihlelang litlhaloso tsa DIN 17175. Hore na o hloka lipeipi tsa boiler, lipeipi tsa superheater, lipeipi tsa mouoane kapa lipeipi tsa sejana sa khatello, re fana ka tšehetso ea botekgeniki ea litsebi le litharollo tsa phepelo tse tenyetsehang.

Mohlala o tloaelehileng oa ho odara:

Tube ea Tšepe e se Nang Seamless 51 × 3.0 DIN 17175 – St45.8 III

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