I. Uthelekiso lweempawu kunye neenzuzo zeMigangatho emithathu yeeMbhobho zeNsimbi ezingenamthungo

I-API 5LUmbhobho womgca wenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuthuthwa kweoyile kunye negesi yendalo. Ifumaneka kwiindidi ezimbini, iPSL1 kunye nePSL2, kwaye iquka iindidi ezininzi zentsimbi kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zokuqina kwempembelelo kunye neemfuno ezibanzi zovavanyo olungenakutshabalalisa. Iingenelo zayo ziquka ukuqina okuphezulu kobushushu obuphantsi kunye nokudityaniswa, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo zothutho ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye yamkelwe ngokubanzi lishishini leoyile lehlabathi.

I-ASTM A53yipayipi yentsimbi yekhabhoni esetyenziselwa iinjongo eziqhelekileyo, efumaneka kwiindidi ezimbini, u-A no-B. Ineemfuno zokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezikhululekileyo kunye neemfuno zepropathi yoomatshini eziphakathi. Iingenelo zayo ziquka ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, ukucutshungulwa kakuhle, uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kunye nobonelelo oluninzi lwemarike.

I-ASTM A106Yenzelwe ngokukodwa inkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu kwaye ifumaneka kwiindidi ezintathu, u-A, u-B, kunye no-C. Inomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni, ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokumelana okuhle kwe-oxidation, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu ezifana neebhoyila zezityalo zamandla. Ikwanika amandla aphezulu kune-A53.

II. Uhlalutyo Olunzulu Lweemeko Zokusetyenziswa

I-API 5L isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiipayipi zokuhambisa ioyile negesi yendalo, iipayipi zokuqokelela, kunye neenethiwekhi zemibhobho yegesi yesixeko. Ifanelekile kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi, kunye nezokubola, kodwa ayifanelekanga ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo ngokubanzi. I-ASTM A53 ifanelekile kwiindawo ezingezizo ezibalulekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu eliqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi, njengezakhiwo zezakhiwo, ukwenziwa koomatshini, ukuthuthwa kolwelo oluphantsi, kunye nokunkcenkceshela kwezolimo. Ayifanelekanga ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezineemfuno zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, okanye ubushushu obuphantsi. I-ASTM A106 ifanelekile kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nomphunga ophantsi, njengeebhoyila zezityalo zamandla, ii-superheater, ii-heat exchangers, kunye neepayipi zenkqubo zobushushu obuphezulu. Ayifanelekanga kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphantsi okanye kwiindawo ezibangela ukubola okukhulu.

III. Uhlalutyo lweMarike yeHlabathi

Iindlela zokungenisa impahla ukusuka ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2023 zibonisa ukukhula okuphakathi kwe-4.2% ngonyaka kokungeniswa kwe-API 5L, ukwehla kwe-3.8% kokungeniswa kwe-A53, kunye nokungeniswa kwe-A106 okuzinzileyo. Umlinganiselo wokungeniswa kwentsimbi ephezulu unyuke waya kwi-35%.

IV. Iingenelo zoKhuphiswano zokuthunyelwa kweeMbhobho zeNsimbi eTshayina kwamanye amazwe

Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwemibhobho yentsimbi eTshayina kuzisa iingenelo kulo lonke uthotho lweshishini. Njengesiseko esikhulu semveliso yentsimbi ehlabathini, iTshayina inekhonkco elibanzi lokubonelela ngezinto eziluhlaza kunye nekhonkco elipheleleyo lemizi-mveliso ukusuka ekwenzeni intsimbi ukuya ekucutshungulweni okunzulu. Ngokuphathelele amandla emveliso kunye netekhnoloji, iTshayina inekhono lokuvelisa imibhobho elingenamthungo elidlula iitoni ezingama-20 ezigidi ngonyaka. Le nkampani inetekhnoloji yemveliso yeeklasi zentsimbi eziphezulu ezifana ne-X80/X90, kwaye inenani elikhulu kwihlabathi leemibhobho eziqhubekekayo eziphucukileyo. Ngokuphathelele ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, iindleko zabasebenzi zimalunga nesinye kwisithathu sazo eziseYurophu nase-United States, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinzuzo yeendleko ye-15-20% kwiindleko zezinga, kwaye imijikelo yokuhambisa ikhawuleza nge-30% kunomndilili wamazwe ngamazwe.

Imakethi yentsimbi yaseTshayina ibandakanya malunga ne-45% yorhwebo lwemibhobho olungenamthungo kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nesabelo semarike esingaphezulu kwe-60% kuMbindi Mpuma kunye ne-70% yeemarike eziphakathi nezisezantsi kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia. I-API 5L ibandakanya i-55% yeemveliso zayo zokuthumela ngaphandle, ngelixa i-A53/A106 ibandakanya malunga ne-30%, kunye nenani leemveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu elongezelelekileyo lisanda minyaka le.

V. Ingcebiso yoBugcisa

Ngokuphathelele isicwangciso sokuthenga, iiprojekthi zeoyile negesi zibeka phambiliI-API 5L PSL2iimveliso. Kwiinkqubo zesakhiwo ngokubanzi, i-A53 inikezela ngomlinganiselo ongcono kakhulu wexabiso nokusebenza, ngelixa i-A106 Grade B nangaphezulu ibalulekile kwiinkqubo zobushushu obuphezulu. Xa ukhetha umthengisi, qinisekisa iziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni, uvavanye amandla okulawula imveliso, uhlole ukusebenza kweprojekthi enkulu, kwaye ugxile kumandla okuvavanya i-NDT yomzi-mveliso. Xa usebenza nabathengisi baseTshayina, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukhethe iinkampani eziphambili ezinamava okuthumela ngaphandle, ucacise iimfuno zomgangatho wobugcisa, unike ukubaluleka kumalungiselelo okuhlola amaqela esithathu, kwaye usebenzise amandla azo okuguqula imveliso ngokwezifiso.