— Sanonpipe, Umthengisi Othembekileyo Weetyhubhu Ezingenamthungo ZeeBoilers Nee-Heat Exchangers

I. Isishwankathelo seNkqubo eMiselweyo

Kwicandelo lezixhobo zokutshintshiselana ubushushu ezifana neebhoyila, ii-heat exchangers, kunye nee-condenser, inkqubo esemgangathweni ye-ASTM yamkelwe kwihlabathi liphela njengeenkcukacha ezigunyazisiweyo. Phakathi kwazo,I-ASTM A179, A192, kunye ne-A210yimigangatho emithathu ebaluleke kakhulu yemveliso yeetyhubhu zentsimbi engenamthungo, egubungela iintsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephantsi kunye neziphakathi zekhabhoni yokulinganisa uxinzelelo olwahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zobushushu.

Zonke ezi migangatho zintathu ziwela phantsi kolawulo lweKomiti ye-ASTM A01 kunye nesalathisoI-ASTM A450/A450Mnjengesakhelo seemfuno zobugcisa eziqhelekileyo, esenza inkqubo enamanqanaba amabini: “Umgangatho weeMfuno eziQhelekileyo + uMgangatho oKhethekileyo weMveliso”. Icandelo 9 le-A450/A450M (“Utshintsho oluVumelekileyo kuBungqingqwa boDonga”) kunye neTheyibhile 2 ehambelanayo yiyo yodwa isiseko esisemthethweni sokumisela ukunyamezelana kobukhulu bodonga kwiityhubhu phantsi kwale migangatho mithathu. Ukuqonda umahluko kunye nobudlelwane bazo kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto ngokuchanekileyo, ukucaphula ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nokuphepha imiba yomgangatho.

II. Uthelekiso lweMigangatho emithathu yoBume obuPhambili

Umbono	I-ASTM A179	I-ASTM A192	I-ASTM A210
Isihloko esipheleleyo	Iityhubhu zeCondenser kunye neCondenser ezitsalwa ngokubandayo ezingaphantsi kwekhabhoni	Iityhubhu zeBoiler zeCarbon Steel ezingenamthungo zeNkonzo yoXinzelelo oluPhezulu	I-Boiler yentsimbi ye-Medium-Carbon kunye nee-Superheater Tubes ezingenamthungo
Isicelo esiPhambili	Izixhobo zokutshintsha ubushushu, ii-condensers, kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo zokudlulisa ubushushu	Iityhubhu zebhoyila ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye neetyhubhu ze-superheater	Iityhubhu zebhoyila, iityhubhu zeflue, iityhubhu ze-arch, kunye neetyhubhu ze-superheater
Uhlobo lwezinto	Intsimbi ekhabhoni ephantsi(itsalwa ngokubandayo)	Intsimbi yekhabhoni(ayinamthungo)	Intsimbi ephakathi nekhabhoni(ayinamthungo)
Uvavanyo loxinzelelo	Uxinzelelo oluphantsi / oluphakathi	Uxinzelelo oluphezulu	Uxinzelelo oluphakathi / oluphezulu
Uluhlu lobushushu	≤ 450°C	Inkonzo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu	Ubushushu obuphakathi ukuya kophezulu (kuquka ii-superheaters)
Inkqubo yoMveliso	Kutsalwa kubanda kuphela	Ayinamthungo (igqityiwe kushushu okanye itsalwa kubanda)	Ayinamthungo (igqityiwe kushushu okanye itsalwa kubanda)
Amabanga afumanekayo	A179	A192	Ibanga A-1, Ibanga C
Uluhlu lobungakanani (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Uthelekiso loBume beeKhemikhali

I-elementi	I-ASTM A179	I-ASTM A192	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga A-1	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Mn (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
I-Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
I-P (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

Umahluko ophambili ucacisiwe:

Umxholo wekhabhoni– I-A179 kunye ne-A192 zombini ziintsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephantsi (0.06-0.18%), zibonelela ngokudityaniswa okugqwesileyo; I-A210 yintsimbi enekhabhoni ephakathi (iBanga C ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.35%), inika amandla aphezulu kodwa ukudityaniswa okuphantsi.

Umxholo wesilicon– I-A210 ifuna ngokucacileyo i-silicon (≥0.10%) ukuphucula ukumelana ne-oxidation kunye namandla obushushu aphezulu, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kwinkonzo ye-superheater.

Ucoceko– I-A192 inemida engqongqo kwi-phosphorus ne-sulfur (≤0.025%) xa ithelekiswa ne-A179 (≤0.035%), iqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu wokusetyenziswa koxinzelelo oluphezulu.

IV. Uthelekiso lweePropati zoMatshini

Ipropati	I-ASTM A179	I-ASTM A192	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga A-1	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga C
Amandla okuThamba (MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Amandla okuKhula (i-MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Ukwandiswa (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Ubunzima (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

Umahluko ophambili ucacisiwe:

Amanqanaba amandla– I-A179 kunye ne-A192 zinamandla afanayo (ukutsalwa ≥325 MPa); I-A210 Grade A-1 inika amandla aphezulu angama-28% (≥415 MPa), ngelixa i-Grade C ifikelela kwi-≥485 MPa.

Ulawulo lokuqina– Ukuqina kuyakhula ngokwamandla: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Ibanga A-1 ≤79 HRB, Ibanga C ≤89 HRB.

Ingqiqo yokukhetha– Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okusebenza kunye noxinzelelo kufuna izixhobo ezinamandla aphezulu.

V. Uthelekiso lokunyamezelana kobubanzi bangaphandle

Zonke ezi migangatho zintathu zisebenzisa inkqubo yokunyamezelana ne-OD engaguqukiyo, elandela i-ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Iityhubhu Ezitsalwa Ngobandayo/ Ezigqityiweyo Ngobandayo (Zisebenza kwi-A179, A192, kunye ne-A210)

Uluhlu lwe-OD (mm)	Ukunyamezelana kwe-OD (mm)	Imigangatho Esebenzayo
≤ 25.4	± 0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	± 0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	± 0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	± 0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	±0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	± 0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Phawula:Kwiityhubhu ezitsalwa ngokubandayo ezingenamthungo, ukunyamezelana okuqinileyo (± 0.10 mm) kusebenza kwi-OD ≤25.4 mm, kunye nokunyamezelana okuphumzayo kancinci kancinci njengoko i-OD isanda. Ngaphezulu kwe-101.6 mm, ukunyamezelana kuba yinto ehambelanayo kwicala elinye (kuvumelekile kuphela ubukhulu obukhulu, kunye nobukhulu obuncinci).

5.2 Iityhubhu Ezigqityiweyo Ngokushushu (Zisebenza kwi-A192 kunye ne-A210)

Uluhlu lwe-OD (mm)	Ukunyamezelana kwe-OD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Phawula:Iityhubhu ezigqityiweyo zinokunyamezelana kwe-OD okukhululekileyo kuneetyhubhu ezitsalwa ngokubanda, ezinokusasazwa okungalinganiyo "okuhle-okukhulu, okungalunganga-okuncinci". I-A179 iyalela ukwenziwa kweetyhubhu ezitsalwa ngokubanda, ngoko ke ayibandakanyi ukunyamezelana kwe-OD okugqityweyo ngokubanda.

VI. Ukuthelekiswa kokunyamezelana koBungqingqwa bodonga

6.1 Iityhubhu ezitsalwa ngumoya obandayo/ezigqityiweyo ngumoya obandayo (Isiseko se-A179, sikwasebenza nakwi-A192/A210)

I-ASTM A179 ifuna ngokucacileyo iityhubhu zentsimbi ezitsalwa ngokubandayo ezinekhabhoni ephantsi, kwaye inkqubo yayo yokunyamezela ubukhulu bodonga yile ilandelayo:

Uluhlu lwe-OD (mm)	Ukunyamezelana koBungqingqwa bodonga
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Phawula:Iityhubhu ezitsalwa zibanda zineunyamezelo olulungileyo oluvela kwelinye icala– ubukhulu bodonga buvumelekile ukuba bube bukhulu, kodwa bungaze bube mncinci. Oku kuqinisekisa umda wokhuseleko kwinkonzo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Inqaku ngalinye elilinganisiweyo kufuneka libe phakathi kobukhulu obuqhelekileyo kunye ne-120% yobukhulu obuqhelekileyo;ukuphambuka okungalunganga akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo.

6.2 Ukunyamezelana koBungqingqwa boDonga lweTube oluGqityisiweyo oluShushu (A192 / A210)

Iityhubhu ezingenamthungo ezigqityiweyo shushu zilandela i-A450/A450M:

Uluhlu Lobukhulu Bodonga (mm)	Ukunyamezelana koBungqingqwa bodonga
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Phawula:Iityhubhu ezigqityiweyo zishushu nazo zisebenzisa ukunyamezelana okubonakalayo kwicala elinye (okukhulu kuphela), kodwa imida ephezulu iphezulu kakhulu kuneyo yeetyhubhu ezitsalwa ngokubandayo. Kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zobukhulu bodonga (>4.6 mm), ezigqityiweyo ngokushushu zivumela +28%/-0%, ngelixa ezitsalwa ngokubandayo zivumela kuphela +20~22%/-0%.I-cold-drawn inika ukuchaneka okuphezulu kakhulu kokulawula ubukhulu bodonga.

6.3 Isishwankathelo sokunyamezelana koBungqingqwa bodonga kuzo zonke iiMigangatho emithathu

Inkqubo yoMveliso	Uluhlu lwe-OD	Ukunyamezelana koBungqingqwa bodonga
Itsalwa ngokubandayo (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
Itsalwa ngokubandayo (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
Igqityiwe ngobushushu (A192/A210)	Zonke iingqiniba	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Iimfuneko zeNkqubo yoMveliso kunye noVavanyo

7.1 Inkqubo yoMveliso

I-ASTM A179- Ifuna ngokucacileyoitsalwa kubandaukwenziwa, kulandele unyango lobushushu kubushushu obungekho ngaphantsi kwama-650°C emva kokudlula kokugqibela kokubanda.

I-ASTM A192– Inkqubo engenamthungo; ingaphawulwa njengegqityiweyo ngobushushu okanye etsalwa ngokubandayo.

I-ASTM A210– Inkqubo engenamthungo; ingaphawulwa njengegqityiweyo ngobushushu okanye etsalwa ngokubandayo; izinto kufunekaintsimbi ebuleweyo.

7.2 Iimfuneko zoVavanyo

Zonke ezi migangatho zintathu zifuna ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo:

Uvavanyo lokuTyatya

Uvavanyo lokuvutha

Uvavanyo loBulukhuni

Uvavanyo lwe-Hydrostatic okanye uvavanyo lombane olungatshabalalisiyo

Ukongeza, iityhubhu ze-superheater eziphantsi kwe-A210 kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zokwenza imisebenzi efana neukuvutha, ukugquma, ukubumba, ukuwelda, kunye nokugoba.

VIII. Umthi weSigqibo soKhetho lwezinto