I. Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezimpawu Nezinzuzo Zezindinganiso Ezintathu Zamapayipi Ensimbi Angenamthungo

I-API 5LIpayipi lomugqa lenzelwe ngqo ukuthuthwa kukawoyela negesi yemvelo. Litholakala ngamagremu amabili, i-PSL1 ne-PSL2, futhi lihlanganisa amagremu ensimbi amaningi anezidingo zokuqina okuqinile kanye nezidingo zokuhlola eziphelele ezingabhubhisi. Izinzuzo zalo zifaka phakathi ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nokushiselwa, okwenza lifanelekele izindawo zokuthutha ezinomfutho ophezulu futhi liqashelwe kabanzi embonini kawoyela yomhlaba wonke.

I-ASTM A53iyipayipi lensimbi yekhabhoni elisetshenziswa kabanzi, elitholakala ngamagremu amabili, u-A no-B. Inezidingo zokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezikhululekile kanye nezidingo zempahla yemishini ezimaphakathi. Izinzuzo zayo zifaka phakathi ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, ukucutshungulwa okuhle, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, kanye nokunikezwa okwanele emakethe.

I-ASTM A106iklanyelwe ngqo isevisi yokushisa okuphezulu futhi itholakala ngamagremu amathathu, u-A, u-B, no-C. Inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa okuphezulu, kanye nokumelana okuhle nokushiswa kwe-oxidation, okwenza ifaneleke ezindaweni zokushisa okuphezulu njengama-boilers ezitshalo zamandla. Iphinde inikeze amandla aphezulu kune-A53.

II. Ukuhlaziywa Okujulile Kwezimo Zokusetshenziswa

I-API 5L isetshenziswa kakhulu kumapayipi okudlulisa uwoyela negesi yemvelo, amapayipi okuqoqa, kanye namanethiwekhi e-trunk yegesi yedolobha. Ifanelekela izindawo ezinomfutho ophezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi, kanye nezokugqwala, kodwa ayifanelekeli ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo okujwayelekile. I-ASTM A53 ifanelekela ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo okungabalulekile emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile kanye nengcindezi ephansi, njengezakhiwo zokwakha, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, ukuthuthwa koketshezi oluphansi, kanye nokunisela kwezolimo. Ayifanelekeli ukusetshenziswa okunezidingo zokushaqeka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, noma izinga lokushisa eliphansi. I-ASTM A106 ifanelekela izindawo ezinomfutho ophezulu, nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, njengama-boiler ezitshalo zamandla, ama-superheater, ama-heat exchanger, kanye namapayipi enqubo yokushisa okuphezulu. Ayifanelekeli izindawo ezinokushisa okuphansi noma imidiya egqwala kakhulu.

III. Ukuhlaziywa Kwemakethe Yomhlaba Wonke

Izitayela zokungenisa impahla kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2023 zibonisa ukukhula okumaphakathi konyaka okungu-4.2% ekungenisweni kwe-API 5L, ukwehla okungu-3.8% ekungenisweni kwe-A53, kanye nokungeniswa kwe-A106 okuzinzile. Ingxenye yokungeniswa kwensimbi yezinga eliphezulu ikhuphuke yafika ku-35%.

IV. Izinzuzo Zokuncintisana Zokuthunyelwa Kwamanye Amazwe Kwepayipi Lensimbi LaseShayina

Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamapayipi ensimbi eShayina kuqhosha ngezinzuzo kulo lonke uchungechunge lwemboni. Njengesizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke sokukhiqiza insimbi emhlabeni, iShayina iqhosha ngochungechunge oluphelele lwezinto zokusetshenziswa eziluhlaza kanye nochungechunge oluphelele lwezimboni kusukela ekwenzeni insimbi kuya ekucutshungulweni okujulile. Ngokuphathelene nomthamo wokukhiqiza kanye nobuchwepheshe, iShayina iqhosha ngomthamo wokukhiqiza wamapayipi ongenamkhawulo waminyaka yonke odlula amathani ayizigidi ezingama-20. Le nkampani inobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bamazinga ensimbi aphezulu njenge-X80/X90, futhi iqhosha ngenani elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni lamapayipi aqhubekayo aqhubekayo. Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko, izindleko zabasebenzi cishe ziyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zalezo eziseYurophu nase-United States, okuholela enzuzweni yezindleko engu-15-20% kusuka ezomnotho wesilinganiso, futhi imijikelezo yokulethwa ishesha ngo-30% kunesilinganiso samazwe ngamazwe.

Imakethe yamapayipi ensimbi yaseShayina ihlanganisa cishe u-45% wokuhweba ngamapayipi okungenamthungo emhlabeni wonke, kanye nesabelo semakethe esingaphezu kuka-60% eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye no-70% wezimakethe eziphakathi nendawo neziphansi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. I-API 5L ihlanganisa u-55% wemikhiqizo yayo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, kanti i-A53/A106 ihlanganisa cishe u-30%, kanti isilinganiso semikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu sikhula minyaka yonke.

V. Iseluleko Sobungcweti

Ngokuphathelene nesu lokuthenga, amaphrojekthi kawoyela negesi abeka phambiliI-API 5L PSL2imikhiqizo. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile, i-A53 inikeza isilinganiso esihle kakhulu sentengo nokusebenza, kuyilapho i-A106 Grade B noma ngaphezulu ibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezishisa kakhulu. Uma ukhetha umhlinzeki, qinisekisa izitifiketi ezivumelekile, hlola amakhono okulawula ukukhiqiza angempela, hlola ukusebenza kwephrojekthi enkulu, futhi ugxile emakhonweni okuhlola e-NDT efektri. Uma usebenza nabahlinzeki baseShayina, kunconywa ukukhetha izinkampani ezihamba phambili ezinolwazi lokuthumela ngaphandle, ucacise izidingo ezijwayelekile zobuchwepheshe, unamathisele ukubaluleka emalungiselelweni okuhlola avela eceleni, futhi usebenzise amakhono azo okwenza ngokwezifiso ukukhiqiza aguquguqukayo.