— Sanonpipe, Umhlinzeki Wakho Othembekile Wamashubhu Angenamthungo Wama-Boilers Nama-Heat Exchanger

I. Ukubuka Konke Kohlelo Olujwayelekile

Emkhakheni wemishini yokushintshanisa ukushisa efana nama-boiler, ama-heat exchanger, nama-condenser, uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-ASTM luqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengencazelo egunyaziwe. Phakathi kwazo,I-ASTM A179, A192, kanye ne-A210yizindinganiso ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zomkhiqizo zamashubhu ensimbi angenamthungo, amboze izinsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephansi kanye nezinsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephakathi ukuze kulinganiswe ingcindezi ehlukene kanye nezimo zokushisa.

Zonke izindinganiso ezintathu ziwela ngaphansi kwegunya leKomidi le-ASTM A01 kanye nereferensiI-ASTM A450/A450Mnjengohlaka lwezidingo zobuchwepheshe ezivamile, okwakha uhlelo lwezigaba ezimbili: “Izinga Lezidingo Ezijwayelekile + Izinga Eliqondile Lomkhiqizo”. Isigaba 9 se-A450/A450M (“Izinguquko Ezivumelekile Ekujikeni Kodonga”) kanye neThebula 2 elihambisanayo yizona kuphela isisekelo esisemthethweni sokunquma ukubekezelelana kobukhulu bodonga lwamapayipi ngaphansi kwalezi zindinganiso ezintathu. Ukuqonda umehluko kanye nobudlelwano bawo kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto ezifanele, ukucaphuna okunembile, kanye nokugwema izinkinga zekhwalithi.

II. Ukuqhathaniswa Kokubekwa Okuyinhloko Kwezindinganiso Ezintathu

Isici	I-ASTM A179	I-ASTM A192	I-ASTM A210
Isihloko Esigcwele	Amashubhu Okushintsha Ukushisa kanye Ne-Condenser Angenamthungo Adonswa Ngobandayo Angenakhabhoni Ephansi	Amashubhu e-Boiler e-Carbon Steel angenamthungo esevisi yokucindezela okuphezulu	Amashubhu e-Boiler ensimbi ephakathi nekhabhoni kanye ne-Superheater angenamthungo
Isicelo Esiyinhloko	Ama-heat exchanger, ama-condenser, kanye namadivayisi afanayo okudlulisa ukushisa	Amashubhu ebhoyila anomfutho ophezulu kanye namashubhu e-superheater	Amashubhu ebhoyila, amashubhu omoya opholile, amashubhu e-arch, namashubhu e-superheater
Uhlobo Lwezinto	Insimbi ekhabhoni ephansi(kudonswa kubanda)	Insimbi yekhabhoni(okungathungwanga)	Insimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo(okungathungwanga)
Isilinganiso Sokucindezela	Ingcindezi ephansi / ephakathi	Umfutho ophezulu	Umfutho ophakathi / ophezulu
Ibanga Lokushisa	≤ 450°C	Isevisi yokucindezela okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu	Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuya kweliphezulu (kufaka phakathi ama-superheater)
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza	Kudonswa kubanda kuphela	Akunamthungo (kuqediwe kushiswe noma kudonswe kubanda)	Akunamthungo (kuqediwe kushiswe noma kudonswe kubanda)
Amabanga Atholakalayo	A179	A192	Ibanga A-1, Ibanga C
Ububanzi Bosayizi (OD)	3.2 – 76.2 mm	12.7 – 177.8 mm	12.7 – 127 mm

III. Ukuqhathaniswa Kokwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Isici	I-ASTM A179	I-ASTM A192	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga A-1	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga C
C (%)	0.06 – 0.18	0.06 – 0.18	≤ 0.27	≤ 0.35
Mn (%)	0.27 – 0.63	0.27 – 0.63	≤ 0.93	0.29 – 1.06
I-Si (%)	—	—	≥ 0.10	≥ 0.10
P (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035
S (%)	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.025	≤ 0.035	≤ 0.035

Umehluko oyinhloko uchaziwe:

Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni– I-A179 kanye ne-A192 zombili ziyizinsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephansi (0.06-0.18%), zinikeza ukushibilika okuhle kakhulu; I-A210 iyinsimbi enekhabhoni ephakathi (iBanga C kufika ku-0.35%), enikeza amandla aphezulu kodwa ukushibilika okuphansi kakhulu.

Okuqukethwe kwe-silicon– I-A210 idinga ngokusobala i-silicon (≥0.10%) ukuze ithuthukise ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation kanye namandla okushisa aphezulu, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-superheater.

Ukuhlanzeka– I-A192 inemikhawulo eqinile ku-phosphorus kanye ne-sulfur (≤0.025%) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-A179 (≤0.035%), okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu yezicelo ezisebenzisa umfutho ophezulu.

IV. Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezakhiwo Zemishini

Impahla	I-ASTM A179	I-ASTM A192	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga A-1	I-ASTM A210 Ibanga C
Amandla Okudonsa (i-MPa)	≥ 325	≥ 325	≥ 415	≥ 485
Amandla Okukhiqiza (i-MPa)	≥ 180	≥ 180	≥ 255	≥ 275
Ukwelulwa (%)	≥ 35	≥ 35	—	—
Ubulukhuni (HRB)	—	≤ 77	≤ 79	≤ 89

Umehluko oyinhloko uchaziwe:

Amazinga amandla– I-A179 ne-A192 zinamandla afanayo (ukudonsa ≥325 MPa); I-A210 Ibanga A-1 inikeza amandla aphezulu cishe ngo-28% (≥415 MPa), kanti Ibanga C lifinyelela ku-≥485 MPa.

Ukulawula ubulukhuni– Ukuqina kuyanda ngokwezinga lamandla: A192 ≤77 HRB, A210 Ibanga A-1 ≤79 HRB, Ibanga C ≤89 HRB.

I-logic yokukhetha– Amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza kanye nokucindezela kudinga izinto eziqinile kakhulu.

V. Ukuqhathaniswa Kokubekezelelana Kwangaphandle Kobubanzi

Zonke izindinganiso ezintathu zamukela uhlelo lokubekezelelana kwe-OD oluhambisanayo, olulandela i-ASTM A450/A450M.

5.1 Amapayipi Adonswa Ngobandayo/Aqediwe Ngobandayo (Asebenza ku-A179, A192, kanye no-A210)

Ububanzi be-OD (mm)	Ukubekezelelana kwe-OD (mm)	Izindinganiso Ezisebenzayo
≤ 25.4	±0.10	A179 / A192 / A210
25.4 – 38.1	±0.15	A179 / A192 / A210
38.1 – 50.8	±0.20	A179 / A192 / A210
50.8 – 63.5	±0.25	A179 / A192 / A210
63.5 – 76.2	±0.30	A179 / A192 / A210
76.2 – 101.6	±0.38	A179 / A192 / A210
101.6 – 190.5	+0.38 / -0.64	A179 / A192 / A210
190.5 – 228.6	+0.38 / -1.14	A179 / A192 / A210

Qaphela:Kumapayipi adonswa ngokubandayo angenamthungo, ukubekezelelana okuqinile kakhulu (± 0.10 mm) kusebenza ku-OD ≤25.4 mm, lapho ukubekezelelana kukhululeka kancane kancane njengoba i-OD ikhula. Ngaphezulu kuka-101.6 mm, ukubekezelelana kuba yi-unitypositive (kuvunyelwe usayizi omkhulu kuphela, ngosayizi ongaphansi olinganiselwe).

5.2 Amashubhu Aqediwe Kakhulu (Asebenza ku-A192 naku-A210)

Ububanzi be-OD (mm)	Ukubekezelelana kwe-OD (mm)
≤ 101.6	+0.4 / -0.8
> 101.6 – 168.3	+0.4 / -1.2

Qaphela:Amashubhu aqediwe ngokushisa anezinga lokumelana ne-OD elikhululekile kunemashubhu aqoqiwe ngokushisa, anezinga lokusabalalisa "elihle-elikhudlwana, elibi-elincane". I-A179 iyalela ukukhiqizwa okuqoqiwe ngokushisa, ngakho-ke ayibandakanyi izinga lokumelana ne-OD eliqediwe ngokushisa.

VI. Ukuqhathaniswa Kokubekezelelana Kokujiya Kodonga

6.1 Amapayipi Adonswa Ngobandayo/Aqediwe Ngobandayo (I-core ye-A179, futhi iyasebenza ku-A192/A210)

I-ASTM A179 idinga ngokusobala amashubhu ensimbi adonswa ngokubandayo anekhabhoni ephansi, futhi uhlelo lwayo lokubekezelela ukujiya kodonga lumi kanje:

Ububanzi be-OD (mm)	Ukubekezelela Ubukhulu Bodonga
≤ 38.1	+20% / -0%
> 38.1	+22% / -0%

Qaphela:Amapayipi adonswayo abandayo ane-ukubekezelelana okuhle kohlangothi olulodwa– ubukhulu bodonga buvunyelwe ukuba bukhulu, kodwa bungalokothi bube buncane. Lokhu kuqinisekisa umkhawulo wokuphepha wenkonzo yokucindezela okuphezulu. Iphuzu ngalinye elilinganisiwe kumele libe phakathi kobukhulu obujwayelekile kanye no-120% wobukhulu obujwayelekile;ukuphambuka okungekuhle akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele.

6.2 Ukubekezelelana Kokujiya Kodonga Lweshubhu Eliqediwe Ngokushisayo (A192 / A210)

Amashubhu angenamthungo aqediwe ngokushisa alandela i-A450/A450M:

Ububanzi Bokujiya Kodonga (mm)	Ukubekezelela Ubukhulu Bodonga
≤ 2.4	+40% / -0%
2.4 – 3.8	+35% / -0%
3.8 – 4.6	+33% / -0%
> 4.6	+28% / -0%

Qaphela:Amashubhu aqediwe ngokushisa asebenzisa futhi ama-tolerances amahle ohlangothini olulodwa (amakhulu kuphela), kodwa imikhawulo ephezulu iphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo yamashubhu aqoshwe ngokushisa. Ngobukhulu obuvamile bodonga (>4.6 mm), aqoshwe ngokushisa avumela u-+28%/-0%, kuyilapho aqoshwe ngokushisa avumela u-+20~22%/-0% kuphela.I-Cold-drawn inikeza ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kokulawula ukujiya kodonga.

6.3 Isifinyezo Sokubekezelelana Kokujiya Kodonga Kwazo Zonke Izindinganiso Ezintathu

Inqubo Yokukhiqiza	Ububanzi be-OD	Ukubekezelela Ubukhulu Bodonga
Idonswe ngokubandayo (A179/A192/A210)	≤ 38.1 mm	+20% / -0%
Idonswe ngokubandayo (A179/A192/A210)	> 38.1 mm	+22% / -0%
Iqediwe kahle (A192/A210)	Zonke izingqimba	+28~40% / -0%

VII. Izidingo Zenqubo Yokukhiqiza Nokuhlola

7.1 Inqubo Yokukhiqiza

I-ASTM A179- Kudinga ngokusobalaokudonswa kubandaukukhiqiza, kulandelwe ukwelashwa kokushisa ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-650°C ngemva kokudlula kokugcina kokudonsa okubandayo.

I-ASTM A192– Inqubo engenamthungo; ingaphawulwa njengeqediwe ngokushisa noma edonswa ngokubandayo.

I-ASTM A210– Inqubo engenamthungo; ingaphawulwa njengeqediwe ngokushisa noma edonswa ngokubandayo; izinto kumele zibeinsimbi ebulewe.

7.2 Izidingo Zokuhlola

Zonke izindinganiso ezintathu zidinga ukuhlolwa okulandelayo:

Ukuhlolwa Kokuthamba

Ukuhlolwa Kokuvutha

Ukuhlolwa Kokuqina

Ukuhlolwa Kwamanzi Noma Ukuhlolwa Kukagesi Okungabhubhisi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amashubhu e-superheater ngaphansi kwe-A210 kumele ahlangabezane nezimfuneko zokwenza imisebenzi efanaukufutha, ukuhlanganisa ubuhlalu, ukuhlanganisa, ukushisela, nokugoba.

VIII. Isihlahla Sesinqumo Sokukhetha Izinto Ezibalulekile