China Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha kaboni ndi machubu a makina a alloy Opanga ndi Ogulitsa

Chitsulo cha kaboni chopanda msoko ndi machubu a makina opangidwa ndi aloyi

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Machubu achitsulo chosasunthika, chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni ndi machubu amakina a alloy, makamaka amakina mkatiASTM A519-2006Machubu okhazikika, opangidwa ndi aloyi makamaka amaphatikizapo

1018,1026,8620,4130,4140 ndi zina zotero.

Malipiro:30% gawo, 70% L/C kapena B/L kopi kapena 100% L/C pakuwona

Kuchuluka kwa Order:Chidebe chimodzi kapena matani 25

Mphamvu Yopereka:Chitoliro cha Chitsulo cha Matani 20000 pachaka

Nthawi yotsogolera:Masiku 7-14 ngati alipo, masiku 30-45 kuti apange

Kulongedza:Chovala chakuda chotayika, bevel ndi chivundikiro cha chitoliro chilichonse; OD yochepera 219mm iyenera kupakidwa mu paketi, ndipo paketi iliyonse isapitirire matani awiri.

Tumizani imelo kwa ife Tsitsani ngati PDF

Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

Ma tag a Zamalonda

Chidule

Muyezo:ASTM A519-2006	Aloyi Kapena Ayi: Aloyi Kapena Kaboni
Gulu la Giredi: 1018,1026,8620,4130,4140	Ntchito: chubu cha makina
Kunenepa: 1 - 100 mm	Chithandizo cha Pamwamba: Monga momwe kasitomala amafunira
Chidutswa chakunja (chozungulira): 10 - 1000 mm	Njira: Yotenthedwa kapena Yozizira Yozungulira
Kutalika: Kutalika kokhazikika kapena kutalika kosasinthika	Kutentha: Kuchepetsa/Kuchepetsa/Kuchepetsa Kupsinjika
Chigawo cha Gawo: Chozungulira	Chitoliro Chapadera: Chitoliro Cholimba cha Khoma
Malo Oyambira: China	Kagwiritsidwe: makina
Chitsimikizo: ISO9001:2008	Mayeso: ECT/UT

Kugwiritsa ntchito

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakina komanso popanga masilinda a gasi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakina ndi zitsulo za kaboni ndi alloy, ndipo amaphimba mapaipi onse amakina otsekedwa bwino komanso ozizira komanso otsekedwa bwino m'makulidwe mpaka mainchesi 323.8 (12 mm) akunja kwa machubu ozungulira okhala ndi makulidwe a makoma ngati pakufunika.

Giredi Yaikulu

1018,1026,8620,4130,4140

Chigawo cha Mankhwala

TABU 1 Zofunikira pa Mankhwala a Zitsulo Zopanda Mpweya Wochepa

Giredi	Malire a Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala, %
Udindo	KaboniA	ManganeseB	Phosphorus, B	Sulfure, B
			kuchuluka	kuchuluka
MT X 1015	0.10–0.20	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
MT 1010	0.05–0.15	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
MT 1015	0.10–0.20	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
MT 1020	0.15–0.25	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
MT X 1020	0.15–0.25	0.70–1.00	0.04	0.05

TABU 2 Zofunikira pa Mankhwala a Zitsulo Zina za Kaboni^BMalire amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kusanthula kutentha; kupatula ngati pakufunika ndi 6.1, kusanthula kwa malonda kumadalira kulekerera kwina komwe kwaperekedwa mu Table 5.

Giredi		Malire a Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala, %A
Udindo
Udindo	Mpweya	Manganese	Phosphorus,	Sulfure,
			kuchuluka	kuchuluka
1008	0.10 payokha	0.30–0.50	0.04	0.05
1010	0.08–0.13	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
1012	0.10–0.15	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
1015	0.13–0.18	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
1016	0.13–0.18	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1017	0.15–0.20	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
1018	0.15–0.20	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1019	0.15–0.20	0.70–1.00	0.04	0.05
1020	0.18–0.23	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
1021	0.18–0.23	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1022	0.18–0.23	0.70–1.00	0.04	0.05
1025	0.22–0.28	0.30–0.60	0.04	0.05
1026	0.22–0.28	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1030	0.28–0.34	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1035	0.32–0.38	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1040	0.37–0.44	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1045	0.43–0.50	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1050	0.48–0.55	0.60–0.90	0.04	0.05
1518	0.15–0.21	1.10–1.40	0.04	0.05
1524	0.19–0.25	1.35–1.65	0.04	0.05
1541	0.36–0.44	1.35–1.65	0.04	0.05

A Mizere ndi malire omwe aperekedwa mu tebulo ili amagwira ntchito pa kusanthula kutentha; kupatula ngati pakufunika ndi6.1, kusanthula kwa malonda kumadalira kulekerera kwina komwe kwaperekedwa mu Table Number 5.

TABU 3 Zofunikira pa Mankhwala a Zitsulo za Alloy
ZINDIKIRANI	1—Mizere ndi malire omwe ali patebuloli amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chitsulo chosapitirira 200 in.2 (1290 cm2) m'dera lopingasa.
ZINDIKIRANI	2—Zinthu zina zochepa zimapezeka mu zitsulo za alloy zomwe sizinatchulidwe kapena kufunikira. Zinthu zimenezi zimaonedwa ngati zosayembekezereka
ndipo ikhoza kupezeka pamlingo wotsatirawu: mkuwa, 0.35%; nickel, 0.25%; chromium, 0.20%; molybdenum, 0.10%.
ZINDIKIRANI	3—Mizere ndi malire omwe aperekedwa patebuloli amagwira ntchito pa kusanthula kutentha; kupatula ngati pakufunika ndi 6.1, kusanthula kwa malonda kumadalira zomwe zikuyenera
kulekerera kwina komwe kwaperekedwa mu Table Number 5.

Giredi^A^,^B				Malire a Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala, %
Designa-
Designa-	Mpweya	Manganese	Phospho-	Sulfure,^C^,^D	Silikoni	Fakitoli	Chromium	Molybde-
tion								Molybde-
tion			rus,^Ckuchuluka	kuchuluka				nambala
								nambala
1330	0.28–0.33	1.60–1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	...
1335	0.33–0.38	1.60–1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	...
1340	0.38–0.43	1.60–1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	...
1345	0.43–0.48	1.60–1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	...
3140	0.38–0.43	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.10–1.40	0.55–0.75	...
E3310	0.08–0.13	0.45–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	3.25–3.75	1.40–1.75	...
4012	0.09–0.14	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.15–0.25
4023	0.20–0.25	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4024	0.20–0.25	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.035−0.050	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4027	0.25–0.30	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4028	0.25–0.30	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.035−0.050	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4037	0.35–0.40	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4042	0.40–0.45	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4047	0.45–0.50	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4063	0.60–0.67	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.20–0.30
4118	0.18–0.23	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.40–0.60	0.08–0.15
4130	0.28–0.33	0.40–0.60	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4135	0.32–0.39	0.65–0.95	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4137	0.35–0.40	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4140	0.38–0.43	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4142	0.40–0.45	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4145	0.43–0.48	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4147	0.45–0.50	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4150	0.48–0.53	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	0.15–0.25
4320	0.17–0.22	0.45–0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	0.40–0.60	0.20–0.30
4337	0.35–0.40	0.60–0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	0.70–0.90	0.20–0.30
E4337	0.35–0.40	0.65–0.85	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	0.70–0.90	0.20–0.30
4340	0.38–0.43	0.60–0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	0.70–0.90	0.20–0.30
E4340	0.38–0.43	0.65–0.85	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	0.70–0.90	0.20–0.30
4422	0.20–0.25	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.35–0.45
4427	0.24–0.29	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.35–0.45
4520	0.18–0.23	0.45–0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	...	0.45–0.60
4615	0.13–0.18	0.45–0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	...	0.20–0.30
4617	0.15–0.20	0.45–0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	...	0.20–0.30
4620	0.17–0.22	0.45–0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	...	0.20–0.30
4621	0.18–0.23	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	1.65–2.00	...	0.20–0.30
4718	0.16–0.21	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.90–1.20	0.35–0.55	0.30–0.40
4720	0.17–0.22	0.50–0.70	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.90–1.20	0.35–0.55	0.15–0.25
4815	0.13–0.18	0.40–0.60	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	3.25–3.75	...	0.20–0.30
4817	0.15–0.20	0.40–0.60	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	3.25–3.75	...	0.20–0.30
4820	0.18–0.23	0.50–0.70	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	3.25–3.75	...	0.20–0.30
5015	0.12–0.17	0.30–0.50	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.30–0.50	...
5046	0.43–0.50	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.20–0.35	...
5115	0.13–0.18	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
5120	0.17–0.22	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
5130	0.28–0.33	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	...
5132	0.30–0.35	0.60–0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.75–1.00	...
5135	0.33–0.38	0.60–0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.05	...
5140	0.38–0.43	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
5145	0.43–0.48	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
5147	0.46–0.51	0.70–0.95	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.85–1.15	...
5150	0.48–0.53	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
5155	0.51–0.59	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
5160	0.56–0.64	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
52100^E	0.93–1.05	0.25–0.45	0.025	0.015	0.15–0.35	0.25 payokha	1.35–1.60	0.10 payokha
E50100	0.98–1.10	0.25–0.45	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	...	0.40–0.60	...
E51100	0.98–1.10	0.25–0.45	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	...	0.90–1.15	...
E52100	0.98–1.10	0.25–0.45	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	...	1.30–1.60	...
								Vanadium

6118	0.16–0.21	0.50–0.70	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.50–0.70	0.10–0.15
6120	0.17–0.22	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	Mphindi 0.10
6150	0.48–0.53	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.10	Mphindi 0.15

						Aluminiyamu		Molybdenum

E7140	0.38–0.43	0.50–0.70	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.40	0.95–1.30	1.40–1.80	0.30–0.40

						Fakitoli

8115	0.13–0.18	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.20–0.40	0.30–0.50	0.08–0.15
8615	0.13–0.18	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8617	0.15–0.20	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8620	0.18–0.23	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8622	0.20–0.25	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8625	0.23–0.28	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8627	0.25–0.30	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8630	0.28–0.33	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8637	0.35–0.40	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8640	0.38–0.43	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8642	0.40–0.45	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8645	0.43–0.48	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8650	0.48–0.53	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8655	0.51–0.59	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8660	0.55–0.65	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
8720	0.18–0.23	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.20–0.30
8735	0.33–0.38	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.20–0.30
8740	0.38–0.43	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.20–0.30
8742	0.40–0.45	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.20–0.30
8822	0.20–0.25	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.30–0.40
9255	0.51–0.59	0.60–0.80	0.04	0.04	1.80–2.20	...	0.60–0.80	...
9260	0.56–0.64	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	1.80–2.20	...	...	...
9262	0.55–0.65	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	1.80–2.20	...	0.25–0.40	...
E9310	0.08–0.13	0.45–0.65	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	3.00–3.50	1.00–1.40	0.08–0.15
9840	0.38–0.42	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.85–1.15	0.70–0.90	0.20–0.30
9850	0.48–0.53	0.70–0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.85–1.15	0.70–0.90	0.20–0.30
50B40	0.38–0.42	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.40–0.60	...
50B44	0.43–0.48	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.40–0.60	...
50B46	0.43–0.50	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.20–0.35	...
50B50	0.48–0.53	0.74–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.40–0.60	...
50B60	0.55–0.65	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.40–0.60	...
51B60	0.56–0.64	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	...	0.70–0.90	...
81B45	0.43–0.48	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.20–0.40	0.35–0.55	0.08–0.15
86B45	0.43–0.48	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.40–0.70	0.40–0.60	0.15–0.25
94B15	0.13–0.18	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.30–0.60	0.30–0.50	0.08–0.15
94B17	0.15–0.20	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.30–0.60	0.30–0.50	0.08–0.15
94B30	0.28–0.33	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.30–0.60	0.30–0.50	0.08–0.15
94B40	0.38–0.43	0.75–1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15–0.35	0.30–0.60	0.30–0.50	0.08–0.15

^BMagiredi omwe awonetsedwa patebulo ili ndi chilembo B, monga 50B40, akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi 0.0005% yocheperako ya boron control.^AMagiredi omwe awonetsedwa patebulo ili ndi chilembo choyambirira E nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi njira ya basic-electric-furnace. Zina zonse nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi njira ya basic-open-hearth koma zitha kupangidwa ndi njira ya basic-electric-furnace yokhala ndi kusintha kwa phosphorous ndi sulfure.

^CZofooka za phosphorous sulfure pa ndondomeko iliyonse ndi izi:

Fungo lamagetsi loyambira 0.025 max % Fungo lamagetsi la asidi 0.050 max %

Malo oyambira otseguka 0.040 max % Malo oyambira otseguka a asidi 0.050 max %

^DKuchuluka kochepa komanso kwakukulu kwa sulfure kumasonyeza zitsulo zobwezeretsedwanso.

^EWogula angatchule kuchuluka kwa zinthu izi: mkuwa, 0.30%; aluminiyamu, 0.050%; ndi mpweya, 0.0015%.

Katundu wa Makina

Kapangidwe ka Kulimba, Kulimba, ndi Kutentha kwa Zina mwa Zitsulo Zodziwika Kwambiri za Carbon ndi Alloy

CW—SR Yogwira Ntchito Yozizira—Kuchepetsa Kupsinjika A—Yochepetsedwa N—Yokhazikika A Izi ndi zizindikiro za mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana: HR—Hot Rolle

Giredi	Zoyenera	Chomaliza		Zotuluka		Kutalikitsa	Rockwell,
Kapangidwe-	tion^A	Mphamvu,		Mphamvu,		mu 2 inchi. kapena	Kuuma
dziko						50 mm, %	Mulingo wa B
		ksi	MPa	ksi	MPa	50 mm, %	Mulingo wa B
		ksi	MPa	ksi	MPa

1020	HR	50	345	32	221	25	55
	CW	70	483	60	414	5	75
	SR	65	448	50	345	10	72
	A	48	331	28	193	30	50
	N	55	379	34	234	22	60
1025	HR	55	379	35	241	25	60
	CW	75	517	65	448	5	80
	SR	70	483	55	379	8	75
	A	53	365	30	207	25	57
	N	55	379	36	248	22	60
1035	HR	65	448	40	276	20	72
	CW	85	586	75	517	5	88
	SR	75	517	65	448	8	80
	A	60	414	33	228	25	67
	N	65	448	40	276	20	72
1045	HR	75	517	45	310	15	80
	CW	90	621	80	552	5	90
	SR	80	552	70	483	8	85
	A	65	448	35	241	20	72
	N	75	517	48	331	15	80
1050	HR	80	552	50	345	10	85
	SR	82	565	70	483	6	86
	A	68	469	38	262	18	74
	N	78	538	50	345	12	82
1118	HR	50	345	35	241	25	55
	CW	75	517	60	414	5	80
	SR	70	483	55	379	8	75
	A	50	345	30	207	25	55
	N	55	379	35	241	20	60
1137	HR	70	483	40	276	20	75
	CW	80	552	65	448	5	85
	SR	75	517	60	414	8	80
	A	65	448	35	241	22	72
	N	70	483	43	296	15	75
4130	HR	90	621	70	483	20	89
	SR	105	724	85	586	10	95
	A	75	517	55	379	30	81
	N	90	621	60	414	20	89
4140	HR	120	855	90	621	15	100
	SR	120	855	100	689	10	100
	A	80	552	60	414	25	85
	N	120	855	90	621	20	100

Kulekerera

Kulekerera kwa Ma Diameter a Kunja kwa Ma Tubing Ozungulira Otentha Omalizidwa^A^,^B^,^C

Kukula kwa Kukula kwa M'mimba mwake Kunja,	Kulekerera kwa M'mimba mwake wakunja, mkati. (mm)
mkati. (mm)	Yatha	Pansi
Kufikira 2.999 (76.17)	0.020 (0.51)	0.020 (0.51)
3.000–4.499 (76.20–114.27)	0.025 (0.64)	0.025 (0.64)
4.500–5.999 (114.30–152.37)	0.031 (0.79)	0.031 (0.79)
6.000–7.499 (152.40–190.47)	0.037 (0.94)	0.037 (0.94)
7.500–8.999 (190.50–228.57)	0.045 (1.14)	0.045 (1.14)
9.000–10.750 (228.60–273.05)	0.050 (1.27)	0.050 (1.27)

Kulekerera kwa diameter sikugwira ntchito pa zinthu zomwe zakhazikika komanso zofewa kapena zozimitsidwa komanso zofewa.

B Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya machubu otentha omalizidwa ndi 1¹⁄2 mainchesi. (38.1 mm) mpaka 10³⁄4 mainchesi (273.0 mm) m'mimba mwake wakunja wokhala ndi makulidwe a khoma osachepera 3% kapena kuposerapo a m'mimba mwake wakunja, koma osachepera 0.095 mainchesi (2.41 mm).

C Pali kukula kwakukulu; funsani wopanga kuti akuuzeni za kukula ndi kulekerera.

Kulekerera kwa Makulidwe a Khoma kwa Zozungulira Zotentha Zomalizidwa

Kupaka mapaipi

Kukhuthala kwa Khoma	Kulekerera kwa Makulidwe a Khoma,^Aperesenti Yoposa
Peresenti ya Peresenti		ndi Pansi pa Dzina
za Kunja
za Kunja	Kunja	Kunja	Kunja
M'mimba mwake	Kunja	Kunja	Kunja
M'mimba mwake	M'mimba mwake	M'mimba mwake	M'mimba mwake
	M'mimba mwake	M'mimba mwake	M'mimba mwake
	2.999 mainchesi.	3.000 mainchesi.	6.000 mainchesi.
	(76.19 mm)	(76.20 mm)	(152.40 mm)
	ndi zazing'ono	mpaka mainchesi 5.999.	mpaka mainchesi 10.750.
		(152.37 mm)	(273.05 mm)

Osakwana zaka 15	12.5	10.0	10.0
Zaka 15 ndi kupitirira apo	10.0	7.5	10.0

Kulekerera makulidwe a khoma sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa makoma a mainchesi 0.199 (5.05 mm) kapena kuchepera; funsani wopanga kuti akuthandizeni pa kulekerera makoma pa kukula kwa machubu otere.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri, ndiye kuti mapaipi opangidwa ndi madzi ozizira ayenera kufotokozedwa m'mimba mwake mkati ndi makulidwe a khoma kapena m'mimba mwake kunja ndi m'mimba mwake mkati.

Machubu Opangidwa ndi Makina Ozungulira Osasinthika—Kusintha kwa kukula kwa khoma ndi mainchesi akunja sikuyenera kupitirira kulekerera komwe kuli mu Tebulo. Tebulo limaphimba kulekerera komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mainchesi akunja ndi makulidwe a khoma ndipo limagwira ntchito pa kukula komwe kwatchulidwa.

Machubu Opangidwa ndi Makina Otsika—Kusintha kwa mainchesi akunja sikuyenera kupitirira zomwe zili mu Tebulo. Chogulitsachi nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chubu chopangidwa ndi ozizira.

Kutalika—Machubu a makina nthawi zambiri amapangidwa m'magawo a mphero, 5 ft (1.5 m) kapena kupitirira apo. Kutalika kotsimikizika kumapangidwa ngati kwatchulidwa ndi wogula. Kulekerera kutalika kwa zinthu kukuwonetsedwa mu Table.

Kuwongoka—Kulolera kuongoka kwa machubu ozungulira osapindika sikuyenera kupitirira kuchuluka komwe kwawonetsedwa mu Tebulo.

Chofunikira pa Mayeso

1. Mayeso a Kuuma
Ngati pakufunika malire a kuuma, wopanga ayenera kufunsa. Kuuma kwachizolowezi kwalembedwa mu Table. Mukatchula, mayeso a kuuma ayenera kuchitidwa pa 1% ya machubu.

2. Mayeso a Kupsinjika
Ngati pakufunika zinthu zomangira, wopanga ayenera kufunsa. Zinthu zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zina zomwe zimafala kwambiri komanso kutentha kwa thupi zalembedwa patebulo.

3. Mayeso Osawononga
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayeso osawononga a ultrasound kapena electromagnetic ilipo. Mayeso oti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi malire owunikira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wa wopanga ndi wogula.

4. Kuyesa Kuphulika
Ngati pali zofunikira zapadera pa ukhondo wa zitsulo, njira zoyesera ndi malire olandirira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wa wopanga ndi wogula.