Isishwankathelo
Njengoko i-European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) isiya ekuphunyezweni ngokupheleleyo ngo-2026, i-carbon footprint yemveliso iguqukele kwi-metric ebika uxanduva lwentlalo yenkampani yaba sisalathisi esiqinileyo sokuthobela imithetho esiyalela izigqibo zokuthenga kunye neendleko zorhwebo kubathumeli baseYurophu. Kwabavelisi abangengabo abe-EU abajonge ukugcina okanye ukwandisa ubukho babo kwimarike yaseYurophu, ukubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo ye-carbon footprint akusekho ndlela—yinto ebalulekileyo yokusinda. Eli nqaku lihlalutya uphuhliso lwamva nje lomthetho kwi-EU kwaye liphonononga indima ebalulekileyo yedatha ye-carbon footprint kwisakhelo se-CBAM kunye nempembelelo yayo enzulu kwiikhonkco zobonelelo zehlabathi.

1. Intshayelelo: Xa iCarbon Footprint Iba "yiPaspoti yesiBini" yeRhafu

Ukuqala kokusebenza kwexesha lotshintsho lwe-CBAM ngomhla woku-1 kweyeDwarha ngo-2023, kwaphawula ukuqala ngokusesikweni kwexesha "elilawulwa yikhabhoni" kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Le ndlela ayisiyorhafu yendabuko kodwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu osekelwe ekukhutshweni kweemveliso ezingenisiweyo.

Kwabangenisi baseYurophu, ukubaluleka kwekhabhoni ngoku kunyukile kwaya kwinqanaba lokuthenga eliphambili kunye nexabiso kunye nomgangatho. Njengoko i-CBAM ingena kwixesha layo lokugqibela ngoJanuwari 1, 2026, abangenisi kuya kufuneka bathenge kwaye babuyisele izatifikethi ze-CBAM kwitoni nganye yokukhutshwa kwegesi kwiimpahla zabo ezingenisiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikhabhoni yemveliso ilawula ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokuthobela umthetho zomngenisi kunye nokukhuphisana kwimarike.

2. Kutheni iCarbon Footprint ibaluleke kangaka kubathumeli baseYurophu?

1. Umisela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokungenisa impahla kunye nemida yenzuzo
Ixabiso lezatifikethi ze-CBAM liqhagamshelwe kwiNkqubo yokuRhweba ngeMisitho ye-EU (i-EU ETS), okwangoku iphakathi kwe-€60 ukuya kwi-€80 ngetoni ye-CO₂. Kumacandelo asebenzisa amandla amaninzi njengentsimbi, i-aluminium kunye nesamente, eli xabiso liya kunyusa kakhulu ixabiso lempahla engeniswayo.
Ukuba umthengisi ongengowe-EU akanakukwazi ukubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo yokukhupha umbane, umngenisi we-EU unyanzelekile ukuba asebenzise amaxabiso amiselweyo amiselwe yiKhomishini yaseYurophu. La maxabiso ahlala esekwe kwi-10% yezixhobo ezisebenza kakubi kwaye anyuswa kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa amaxabiso amiselweyo kunyanzela abangenisi ukuba bathenge izatifikethi ezingaphezulu, becinezela ngokuthe ngqo imida yenzuzo yabo. Ke ngoko, ukubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo yekhabhoni ephantsi kubalulekile kubaboneleli abangengowe-EU ukunceda abathengi babo baseYurophu banciphise iindleko.

2. Ukunciphisa iingozi zokuthobela imithetho kunye nezohlwayo zomthetho
Ukususela ngo-2026, izibhengezo ze-CBAM ziya kuxhomekeka ekuqinisekisweni okuzimeleyo komntu wesithathu. Abangenisi banoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ubunyani bedatha ebhengeziweyo. Idatha engachanekanga okanye eneziphene evela kubaboneleli iya kubeka abangenisi kwisohlwayo esivela kumagunya alawulayo. Iinkampani ezingaphumeleliyo ukunikezela ngeziqinisekiso ezaneleyo ngexesha zijongene nemirhumo ye-€10 ukuya kwi-€50 ngetoni nganye yokukhutshwa kwegesi engaxelwanga. Ngenxa yoko, abangenisi baseYurophu ngokuqinisekileyo baya kunceda ababoneleli ngolawulo lwedatha yekhabhoni olucacileyo, olulandelekayo, nolunokungqinisiswa.

3. Ukuphendula kwiMilinganiselo yokuLandelelwa kweCandelo loNikezelo kunye nokuLwa nokuQhekezwa kweMithombo
I-EU isandula ukucebisa izilungiso zomthetho ukuze kwandiswe umda we-CBAM ukuze uquke iimveliso ezenziwe ngentsimbi ne-aluminium, ezifana nezikrufu, iibholiti, amavili, iindawo zoomatshini, kunye nezixhobo zasekhaya. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba kuthunyelwa ngaphandle iimpahla ezigqityiweyo, ukuba impembelelo yekhabhoni yezinto ezikrwada eziphezulu (ezifana neepleyiti zentsimbi) ayicacanga, ukuthotyelwa kothungelwano lonke lobonelelo kuyachaphazeleka. Ngaphezu koko, kwiimpahla ezingeniswayo ezivela kwiindawo ezithathwa njengezinobungozi obukhulu bokuthintelwa, abathumeli kufuneka banike ubungqina bemvelaphi yemveliso kunye nokunyaniseka kwenkqubo. Ukuseka inkqubo yokulandelela ikhabhoni epheleleyo—ukusuka kwemigodi ukuya kwifektri—kuye kwaba yimfuneko ukunciphisa iingozi zorhwebo.

3. Umdlalo weDatha: Amaxabiso amiselweyo xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso okwenyani

I-CBAM inikezela ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili zokubala ukukhutshwa kwegesi:

Ukubala (Amaxabiso Okwenyani): Ngokusekelwe kwidatha yokusetyenziswa kokwenyani (umbane, ipetroli, izixhobo) ezivela kumgca wemveliso.

Uvavanyo (Amaxabiso Amiselweyo): Ukusebenzisa idatha yesalathiso epapashwe yi-EU.

Indlela elandelwa ngayo imithetho ye-EU icacile: ukuphuma kwinqanaba elithile kwamaxabiso amiselweyo ukuze kusetyenziswe idatha yokwenyani. Nangona ukwenziwa lula kwe-"Omnibus" kutshanje kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso elimiselweyo kwezinye iimeko, ukuthembela kuzo kuthetha ukunikezela ulawulo lokuphucula iindleko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abavelisi abasebenzisa amandla aluhlaza kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle ukuze banciphise umbane wabo wekhabhoni banokubonelela ngedatha yokwenyani, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu iindleko zesatifikethi se-CBAM kubangenisi be-EU. Oku kubanika ukubaluleka kokuthenga nokuba banikezela ngexabiso elifanayo elicatshulweyo.

4. Isiphumo seCascade: Uxinzelelo lweCarbon luhamba lusiya phezulu kwiCandelo loNikezelo

Impembelelo yeCBAM ayipheleli kumthumeli-mpahla ngqo; ingena nzulu kwikhonkco lokubonelela.

Imithetho yeeMpahla eziNxibeleleneyo: Kwimpahla "entsonkothileyo" (iimveliso ezicutshungulwa kusetyenziswa izinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu), ukubalwa kwekhabhoni kufuneka kuquke ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezifakwe kwezo zinto zingeniswayo.

Uhlengahlengiso lweScrap: Iziphakamiso zamva nje zikwacebisa ukuba kuchazwe ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwa yintsimbi elahliweyo kunye ne-aluminium xa zisetyenziswa njengezinto ezifakwayo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba umenzi wezixhobo zeemoto waseTshayina othumela eYurophu akufuneki nje kuphela abale ukukhutshwa kwemveliso yakhe kodwa afune idatha yentsimbi eqinisekisiweyo enekhabhoni ephantsi evela kubaboneleli bakhe abaphezulu. Abavelisi abangenako ukubonelela ngedatha yekhabhoni ephezulu baya kukhutshwa kwiindlela zokubonelela eziphezulu zaseYurophu.

5. Icebo le-EU elithi "Lula kwaye Uzinzise": Ukucacisa iiMpawu

NgoFebruwari 2025, iKhomishini yaseYurophu yacebisa ukuba kwenziwe lula ngephakheji ethi "Omnibus", yazisa umda we-de minimis weetoni ezingama-50 ngonyaka. Oku kulindeleke ukuba kukhulule ama-90% abathumeli ngaphandle ngelixa kusagubungela ama-99% okukhutshwa komoya okokuqala.

Olu hlengahlengiso olubonakala luphikisana luthumela imiqondiso emibini ecacileyo:

Ukunyanzeliswa Okujoliswe Kuko: I-EU ijonge ukugxila amandla ayo okulawula kwiimveliso ezinkulu, kungekhona ukuhlawulisa ii-SME. Kwabathengisi bempahla ethengiswayo ngobuninzi, uxinzelelo lokuthobela imithetho luye lwanda, njengoko izixhobo zomthetho ngoku zigxile ngakumbi.

Ukungaguquki kweXabiso leKhabhoni: Nangona uxanduva lwezemali lokuthenga izatifikethi luhlehliselwe u-2027, luyeza. Ikhabhoni ngokusesikweni iya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwimveliso kwiibhalansi zeenkampani.

6. Isiphelo: Ukwakha Amandla Okufumana Idatha Yekhabhoni Ukukhusela Imarike YaseYurophu

Ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-CBAM kubonisa ukuqala ngokusesikweni kwexesha elithi "Low-Carbon Competitiveness". Kubathumeli mpahla abajolise kwi-EU, idatha ye-carbon footprint ayiseyonto nje efunekayo kwingxelo yonyaka yozinzo; yimpahla ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ubudlelwane nabathengi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwimarike.

Amanyathelo abalulekileyo kwiinkampani aquka:

Ukuphumeza iiPlatforms zoLawulo lweKhabhoni yeDijithali ukuze kutshintshelwe kwiimpahla zekhabhoni zentlangano ukuya kwiingxelo-mali zekhabhoni ezineenkcukacha ezikwinqanaba lemveliso.

Ukwamkela ukulandeleka "ngeThrough Supply Chain" ngokuyalela ukuba ababoneleli abaphezulu banike idatha yokukhutshwa kwegesi ehambelana ne-CBAM.

 Ukufuna uQinisekiso lweQela lesithathu ukuze kubonelelwe ngedatha ethembekileyo enceda abathumeli baseYurophu ukunciphisa iingozi zabo zokuthobela imithetho, kwakhiwe uthotho lokubonelela oluluhlaza, oluzinzileyo, nolukhuphisanayo kunye.

 Iinkampani ezakha ngenkuthalo amandla azo okufumana idatha yekhabhoni ziya kufumana ithuba elingenakuchaswa lokuhamba phambili kwimarike yaseYurophu kwixesha elizayo.