I-India, njengenye yezoqoqosho ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi, inecandelo lokuvelisa iibhoyila elikhulayo eliqhutywa kukwanda kweemfuno zamandla kunye nokwanda kwemizi-mveliso. Eli shishini lilawulwa zizikhulu ezimbalwa ezibonelela ngezixhobo ezibalulekileyo kumacandelo aphambili afana nokuveliswa kwamandla, iikhemikhali zepetroli, kunye nezichumisi. Ekwakhiweni kwezi boyila, imibhobho yentsimbi ye-chrome-molybdenum alloy ehambelana nomgangatho we-ASTM A335 "ziindlela zokuphila" eziyimfuneko. Inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwazo libonisa ngqo amandla kunye nobuchule bobuchwephesha beli shishini.

Abavelisi Abaphambili Bebhoyila eIndiya

1.I-Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)

Ishishini likarhulumente kwaye liyinkokeli engathandabuzekiyo kwicandelo lezixhobo zamandla eIndiya, iBHEL ivelisa uluhlu olubanzi lweebhoyila, ukusuka kwiiyunithi ezincinci zemizi-mveliso ukuya kwezinkulu zezityalo zamandla ezibalulekileyo kakhulu nezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngeeprojekthi kulo lonke elaseIndiya nakwihlabathi liphela, imfuno yeBHEL yezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu inkulu kakhulu.

2.Njengomboneleli ophambili wezisombululo zamandla kunye nokusingqongileyo, iThermax yaziwa ngeenkqubo zayo zebhoyila ezisebenzayo nezicocekileyo. Ipropathi yayo yemveliso ibandakanya iibhoyila ezisebenzisa amalahle, ezisebenzisa igesi, ezisebenzisa i-biomass, kunye neebhoyila zokubuyisa ubushushu obungafunekiyo, ezikhonza amacandelo ahlukeneyo emizi-mveliso.

3.ULarsen & Toubro (L&T) - ICandelo leBoiler

Njengenye yezona nkampani zinkulu zobunjineli nolwakhiwo eIndiya, icandelo leebhoyila le-L&T libambe isikhundla esibalulekileyo kwimarike enkulu yeebhoyila eziluncedo kunye nezoshishino. Amandla alo obunjineli aqinileyo kunye nokwenziwa kweeprojekthi ezinkulu kuyenza ibe ngumdlali obalulekileyo.

4.I-Cethar Vessels Limited

Njengomvelisi weebhoyila okhethekileyo, iCethar Vessels inedumela elihle kwicandelo lamandla aseIndiya, ingakumbi kwiibhoyila eziphakathi ukuya kwezinkulu.

Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeMbhobho zeNsimbi ze-A335 Alloy

1. Kutheni ii-A335 Pipes?

Iipayipi zentsimbi ze-alloy eziphantsi komgangatho we-A335 (ezaziwa ngokuba ziigreyidi ezifana ne-P91, P92, P11, P22) zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zeebhoyila ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu obushushu, ukumelana nokuqhekeka, kunye nokumelana nokuxinana kwe-oxidation. Izicelo eziphambili ziquka:

IiSuperheaters: Apho umphunga ogcweleyo ufudunyezwa uye kumphunga oshushu kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imibhobho ifikelele kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Izifudumezi: Ezifudumezisela umphunga emva kokuba zigqibile umsebenzi kwi-turbine ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.

Iipayipi Eziphambili Zomphunga: Ukuthutha umphunga oshushu kakhulu, oxinzelelekileyo ukusuka kwibhoyila ukuya kwi-turbine.

2. Uhlalutyo lweePatheni zokusetyenziswa

Ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yentsimbi ye-A335 alloy ngabavelisi bebhoyila baseIndiya kukhulu kwaye kubonisa ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

Ngokuthe ngqo ngokweSikali seProjekthi kunye noHlelo: Ibhoyila enkulu yesityalo samandla esibalulekileyo (umz., iyunithi engama-660 MW) ingadinga amakhulu okanye amawaka eetoniA335 P91/I-P92Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ibhoyila encinci yemizi-mveliso ingasebenzisa iitoni ezimbalwa kuphela.

Ukusetyenziswa Okungakumbi Kwezixhobo Ezikumgangatho Ophezulu: Njengoko iIndiya itshintshela kwiteknoloji ezisebenzayo ngakumbi, ezikhupha umbane kancinci kakhulu kunye nezobuchwepheshe ezibonisa ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, imfuno yamanqanaba okusebenza aphezulu afana ne-A335 P91 kunye ne-P92 ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ezi zixhobo zivumela iiparameter eziphezulu zomphunga (ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo), ngaloo ndlela zinyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezityalo.

Ukuxhomekeka kwiimveliso ezivela kwamanye amazwe kunye nemveliso yasekhaya: Ezinye iinkampani zentsimbi zaseIndiya (umz., i-ISMT) zinokuvelisa iiklasi ezithile ze-A335 (ezifana ne-P11, i-P22). Nangona kunjalo, kwiiklasi ezifuna kakhulu ubuchwepheshe ezifana ne-P91 kunye ne-P92, kusekho ukuxhomekeka kwinqanaba elithile kwiimveliso ezivela eTshayina, eYurophu, naseJapan ngenxa yomgangatho kunye nobungakanani bomthamo. Oku kwenza ulawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela kunye nolawulo lweendleko kube ngumceli mngeni ophambili kubenzi beebhoyila.

Ukuguquguquka kweMfuno yeMarike: Ukusetyenziswa kunxulumene kakhulu nemijikelo yokutyala umbane eIndiya. Imfuno yeepayipi ze-A335 iyanda ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu lukarhulumente lokongeza amandla ombane asebenzisa amalahle okanye utyalo-mali oluqinileyo kwimizi-mveliso.

Abavelisi beebhoyila abaphambili eIndiya, njengeBHEL, iThermax, kunye ne-L&T, ngabadlali abaphambili kwimarike yeebhoyila yehlabathi. Ukukhula kwabo kunxulunyaniswa nekamva lamandla eIndiya kunye nehlabathi liphela. Iipayipi zentsimbi ze-alloy ze-A335, njengezinto ezibalulekileyo kwiimveliso zabo eziphambili, zibona ukusetyenziswa okungengomlinganiselo nje wobungakanani beshishini lala mashishini kodwa kunye ne-barometer yophuhliso lweziseko zoshishino zaseIndiya kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji. Ukujonga phambili, ukuphishekela ubuchwepheshe bamandla obuphezulu nobucocekileyo kulindeleke ukuba kuqhubele phambili ukukhula kwemfuno yeepayipi ze-A335 ezikumgangatho ophezulu.