Isifinyezo
Njengoba i-European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) iqhubekela phambili ekusebenzeni ngokugcwele ngo-2026, i-carbon footprint yomkhiqizo isuke ekubikeni umthwalo wemfanelo wezenhlalo wenkampani yaba inkomba eqinile yokuthobela imithetho enquma izinqumo zokuthenga kanye nezindleko zokuhweba zabangenisi baseYurophu. Kubakhiqizi abangewona ama-EU abahlose ukugcina noma ukwandisa ukuba khona kwabo emakethe yaseYurophu, ukunikeza idatha enembile ye-carbon footprint akuseyona inketho—kuyisidingo sokusinda. Lesi sihloko sihlaziya intuthuko yakamuva yezomthetho e-EU futhi sihlola indima ebalulekile yedatha ye-carbon footprint ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-CBAM kanye nomthelela wayo ojulile ezintanjeni zokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke.

1. Isingeniso: Lapho I-Carbon Footprint Iba "Iphasiphothi Yesibili" Yamasiko

Ukuqala kokusebenza kwesikhathi soguquko lwe-CBAM ngo-Okthoba 1, 2023, kwaphawula ukuqala okusemthethweni kwenkathi "elawulwa yi-carbon" kwezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke. Le ndlela akuyona intela yendabuko kodwa inqubomgomo yesimo sezulu esekelwe ekukhishweni kwemikhiqizo engenisiwe.

Kwabangenisi baseYurophu, ukubaluleka kwe-carbon footprint manje sekukhuphukele esilinganisweni sokuthenga esiyinhloko kanye nentengo nekhwalithi. Njengoba i-CBAM ingena esikhathini sayo sokugcina ngoJanuwari 1, 2026, abangenisi kuzodingeka bathenge futhi banikeze izitifiketi ze-CBAM ngethani ngalinye lokukhishwa kwegesi okufakiwe ezimpahleni zabo ezingenisiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-carbon footprint yomkhiqizo inquma ngqo izindleko zokuthobela umthetho zomngenisi kanye nokuncintisana emakethe.

2. Kungani I-Carbon Footprint Ibaluleke Kangaka Kwabangenisi BaseYurophu?

1. Inquma Ngokuqondile Izindleko Zokungenisa kanye Nemingcele Yenzuzo
Intengo yezitifiketi ze-CBAM ixhunywe ku-EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), okwamanje isukela ku-€60 kuya ku-€80 ngethani le-CO₂. Emikhakheni esebenzisa amandla amaningi njengensimbi, i-aluminium, kanye nesamente, le ndleko izokwandisa kakhulu intengo yezimpahla ezingeniswayo.
Uma umhlinzeki ongeyena owe-EU engakwazi ukunikeza idatha eqondile yokukhishwa kwegesi, umngenisi we-EU uphoqeleka ukusebenzisa amanani azenzakalelayo abekwe yiKhomishini yaseYurophu. Lawa manani ngokuvamile asekelwe ku-10% wezindawo ezisebenza kabi kakhulu futhi akhushulwa kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa amanani azenzakalelayo kuphoqa abangenisi ukuthi bathenge izitifiketi ezengeziwe, becindezela ngqo inzuzo yabo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlinzeka ngedatha enembile ye-carbon ephansi kubalulekile kubahlinzeki abangewona abe-EU ukusiza amakhasimende abo aseYurophu ukunciphisa izindleko.

2. Ukunciphisa Izingozi Zokuthobela Imithetho kanye Nezijeziso Zezomthetho
Kusukela ngo-2026, izimemezelo ze-CBAM zizoqinisekiswa ngokuzimela yiqembu lesithathu. Abangenisi banesibophezelo sokuba yiqiniso kwedatha emenyezelwe. Idatha ye-carbon footprint enganembile noma enephutha evela kubaphakeli izoveza abangenisi ezijezisweni ezivela kuziphathimandla ezilawulayo. Izinkampani ezihluleka ukunikezela ngezitifiketi ezanele ngesikhathi zibhekene nezinhlawulo zama-€10 kuya kuma-€50 ngethani lokukhishwa kwegesi okungabikwanga. Ngenxa yalokho, abangenisi baseYurophu ngokuqinisekile bazothanda abaphakeli ngokuphathwa kwedatha ye-carbon okusobala, okulandelekayo, nokuqinisekiswayo.

3. Ukusabela Ezindleleni Zokulandelela Uchungechunge Lokunikezela kanye Nezokuvimbela Ukunqamuka Kwezinto
I-EU isanda kuhlongoza izichibiyelo zomthetho ukuze kwandiswe ububanzi be-CBAM ukuze kufakwe imikhiqizo engezansi eyenziwe ngensimbi ne-aluminium, njengezikulufo, amabhawodi, amasondo, izingxenye zemishini, kanye nezinto zasendlini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nalapho kuthunyelwa izimpahla eziqediwe kwamanye amazwe, uma umthelela wekhabhoni wezinto zokusetshenziswa eziphezulu (njengamapuleti ensimbi) ungacacile, ukuhambisana nochungechunge lonke lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kusengozini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungeniswa okuvela ezifundeni ezibhekwa njengeziyingozi enkulu yokugwenywa, abathumeli kumele banikeze ubufakazi bomsuka wokukhiqiza kanye nobuqiniso benqubo. Ukusungula uhlelo lokulandelela ikhabhoni olugcwele uchungechunge—kusukela emayini kuya efektri—sekubalulekile ukunciphisa izingozi zokuhweba.

3. Umdlalo Wedatha: Amanani Azenzakalelayo vs Amanani Angempela

I-CBAM inikeza izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokubala ukukhishwa kwegesi:

Ukubala (Amanani Angempela): Ngokusekelwe kudatha yokusetshenziswa kwangempela (ugesi, uphethiloli, izinto zokwakha) kusukela emgqeni wokukhiqiza.

Ukulinganisa (Amanani Okuzenzakalelayo): Kusetshenziswa idatha yokubhekisela eshicilelwe yi-EU.

Umkhuba womthetho we-EU ucacile: ukuphuma kancane kwamanani azenzakalelayo ukuze kutholakale idatha yangempela. Ngenkathi ukulula kwe-"Omnibus" kwakamuva kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwenani elizenzakalelayo okuqhubekayo kwezinye izimo, ukuthembela kuzo kusho ukulahla ukulawula kokwenziwa ngcono kwezindleko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abakhiqizi abasebenzisa amandla aluhlaza futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle ukuze banciphise ukunyathela kwabo kwekhabhoni banganikeza idatha yangempela, kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zezitifiketi ze-CBAM kubangenisi be-EU. Lokhu kubanika ithuba lokuthenga ngisho nalapho benikeza intengo efanayo ecashuniwe.

4. Umphumela We-Cascade: Ukucindezela Kwekhabhoni Kuhamba Kukhuphuke Uchungechunge Lokunikezela

Umthelela we-CBAM awugcini nje kumthengisi oqondile; ungena ujule ochungechungeni lokuphakelwa.

Imithetho Yezimpahla Eziyinkimbinkimbi: "Ezimpahleni eziyinkimbinkimbi" (imikhiqizo ecutshungulwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezingenhla), ukubalwa kwe-carbon footprint kumele kufake phakathi ukukhishwa okufakiwe kwalezo zinto ezifakiwe.

Ukulungiswa Kwezingcezu Ezingcolile: Iziphakamiso zakamuva ziphakamisa nokuthi kubalwe ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ensimbini engcolile kanye ne-aluminium engakasetshenziswa uma kusetshenziswa njengezinto ezifakwayo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi umenzi wezingxenye zezimoto waseShayina othumela kwamanye amazwe eYurophu akumele nje abale ukukhishwa kwegesi efektri yakhe kodwa futhi afune idatha yensimbi eqinisekisiwe enekhabhoni ephansi evela kubaphakeli bakhe abaphezulu. Abakhiqizi abangakwazi ukunikeza idatha yekhabhoni ephezulu bazokhishwa ohlwini lwezinkampani zokuphakelwa zaseYurophu ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

5. Isu le-EU elithi "Lula futhi Ujulise": Ukuqonda Izimpawu

NgoFebhuwari 2025, iKhomishini yaseYurophu yaphakamisa ukwenziwa lula ngephakheji ethi "Omnibus", yethula umkhawulo we-de minimis wamathani angu-50 ngonyaka. Lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi kukhulule ama-90% abathumeli ngenkathi kusambozwa ama-99% okukhishwa komoya kokuqala okukhona.

Lokhu kulungiswa okubonakala kuphikisana kuthumela izimpawu ezimbili ezicacile:

Ukuphoqelelwa Okuqondiwe: I-EU ihlose ukugxila amandla ayo okulawula kubakhiphi abakhulu bemikhiqizo, hhayi ukujezisa ama-SME. Kwabathumela impahla ngobuningi, ingcindezi yokuthobela imithetho iye yanda, njengoba izinsiza zomthetho manje sezigxile kakhulu.

Ukungaguquki Kwentengo Yekhabhoni: Nakuba isibopho sezezimali sokuthenga izitifiketi sihlehliselwe u-2027, siyeza. Ikhabhoni izoba yinto ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamaphepha ebhalansi yenkampani.

6. Isiphetho: Ukwakha Amakhono Edatha Yekhabhoni Ukuvikela Imakethe YaseYurophu

Ukuqaliswa okugcwele kwe-CBAM kubonisa ukuqala okusemthethweni kwenkathi "Yokuncintisana Okuphansi Kwekhabhoni". Kwabathumeli abaqondisa i-EU, idatha ye-carbon footprint ayiseyona nje into esemqoka embikweni wonyaka wokusimama; iyimpahla yamasu ebalulekile ekugcineni ubudlelwano namakhasimende nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela emakethe.

Izenzo ezibalulekile zezinkampani zifaka:

Ukusebenzisa Amapulatifomu Okuphathwa Kwekhabhoni Yedijithali ukuze kushintshe kusuka ezinqolobaneni zekhabhoni zenhlangano kuye ekubalwa kwekhabhoni okuningiliziwe kwezinga lomkhiqizo.

Ukwamukela Ukulandelela "Nge-Supply Chain" ngokuyalela ukuthi abahlinzeki abaphezulu banikeze idatha yokukhishwa kwegesi ehambisana ne-CBAM.

 Ukufuna Ukuqinisekiswa Kweqembu Lesithathu ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngemininingwane ethembekile esiza abangenisi baseYurophu ukunciphisa izingozi zabo zokuthobela imithetho, kwakhiwe uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka oluluhlaza, oluzinzile, noluncintisanayo ndawonye.

 Izinkampani ezakha amakhono azo okuthola idatha yekhabhoni ngendlela ephumelelayo zizoqinisekisa inzuzo engenakuphikiswa yokuthutha kuqala emakethe yaseYurophu yesikhathi esizayo.