ʻO ka paipu kila humuhumu ʻole he ʻano kila lōʻihi me ka ʻāpana hakahaka a ʻaʻohe hui a puni. Loaʻa i ka paipu kila kahi ʻāpana hakahaka a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i nā paipu wai, e like me ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻaila, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, ke kinoea, ka wai a me kekahi mau mea paʻa. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila paʻa e like me ke kila poepoe, ua like ka ikaika o ka paipu kila me ke kūlou a me ka torsional a me ke kaumaha māmā. He ʻano kila ʻāpana hoʻokele waiwai ia a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kūkulu a me nā ʻāpana mīkini, e like me ka paipu wili ʻaila, ka ʻau hoʻokele kaʻa, ka mōlina paikikala a me ke kila scaffolding i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana.

Ka wā ʻike:

5 mau lā hana ma ka lōʻihi loa.

Nā pae hoʻāʻo:

DB, GB, GB/T, JB/T, NB/T, YB/T, a pēlā aku.

ʻAno hoʻāʻo paipu kila humuhumu:

Hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā paipu kila kila ʻōwili wela ʻole: me ka paipu kila maʻamau, ka paipu kila paila haʻahaʻa a me ke waena, ka paipu kila paila kiʻekiʻe, ka paipu kila metala, ka paipu kila kila, ka paipu haki ʻaila, ka paipu kila geological a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā paipu kila kila ʻōwili wela ʻole.

ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paipu kila humuhumu anu ʻōwili anu: Me ke ʻano maʻamau, ka ʻano mechanical me ka paipu kila humuhumu, ka paipu humuhumu paila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka paipu humuhumu paila kiʻekiʻe, ka wai hoʻoili me ka paipu humuhumu, ke paipu kila kikoʻī i huki anu ʻia a i ʻole ke paipu kila kikoʻī anu, ka ʻeli honua, ka paipu ʻeli, ka paipu humuhumu hydraulic cylinder precision i loko o ke anawaena humuhumu, ka paipu humuhumu no ka mea hoʻomomona, kahi moku me ka paipu, ka paipu haki aila, nā ʻano paipu kila humuhumu anu a ʻōwili anu e like me ka ʻike ʻana.

ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paipu kila humuhumu ʻole a puni: ka paipu wili geology petroleum, ka paipu haki petrochemical, ka paipu paila, ka paipu hali a me ke kaʻa, ka tractor, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paipu kila kūkulu kiʻekiʻe o ka mokulele.

Hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā paipu kila kila ʻole: paipu kila kila ʻōwili wela, paipu kila kila extrusion wela a me ke paipu kila kila i huki anu ʻia (ʻōwili ʻia), paipu kila kila semi-Martensitic semi-ferritic, paipu kila kila martensitic, paipu kila kila austenitic, paipu kila kila ʻōnaehana hao austenite-ferritic, a pēlā aku.

ʻIke ʻana i ke kau ʻana o nā paipu humuhumu maʻalahi: ʻike ʻana i ke kaulike o ke kaomi ea, ke kaulike wai lepo a me ke kaulike o ke kaomi honua i ke kau ʻana o nā paipu humuhumu.

Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻano kūikawā: me nā paipu kila huinaha, oval, triangle, hexagonal, melon shaped, star shaped, a me nā ʻēheu humuhumu kila.

Hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paipu kila humuhumu ʻole: paipu kila humuhumu ʻole i ʻōwili wela ʻia, paipu kila humuhumu ʻole i ʻōwili anu ʻia, paipu kila humuhumu ʻole i huki anu ʻia, paipu kila humuhumu ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia i ka paia mānoanoa, ʻano hoʻopili paipu kila humuhumu ʻole kila kila, a pēlā aku.

Hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā paipu kila humuhumu: me ka paipu kila maʻamau, ka paipu kila paila haʻahaʻa a me ke waena, ka paipu kila paila kiʻekiʻe, ka paipu kila metala, ka paipu kila kila, ka paipu haki ʻaila, ka paipu kila geological a me nā paipu kila ʻē aʻe.

Nā mea hoʻāʻo paipu kila humuhumu:

Hoʻāʻo nā waiwai kemika i ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa wela haʻahaʻa, ke kūpaʻa waikawa, ke kūpaʻa alkali, ke kūpaʻa oxidation, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻāʻo hana hana kaʻina hana i ke kīkoʻo ʻana o ke uea, ka nānā ʻana i ka haki, ke kūlou hou ʻana, ke kūlou hoʻohuli, ka palahalaha hoʻohuli, ka torsion ʻelua ala, ka hoʻāʻo hydraulic, ka hoʻāʻo flaring, ke kūlou ʻana, ka crimping, ka palahalaha ʻana, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke apo, ke kīkoʻo ʻana i ke apo, ka microstructure, ka hoʻāʻo hana kīʻaha, ka nānā ʻana i ka metallographic, a pēlā aku.

Hoʻāʻo ʻole luku Hoʻāʻo ʻole luku X-ray, hoʻāʻo ultrasonic electromagnetic, hoʻāʻo ultrasonic, hoʻāʻo eddy current, hoʻāʻo leakage flux magnetic, hoʻāʻo komo ʻana, hoʻāʻo ʻāpana magnetic.

Hoʻāʻo nā waiwai mechanical i ka ikaika tensile, ka hoʻāʻo hopena, ke kiko hua, ka elongation ma hope o ka haki, ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka wahi, ka helu paʻakikī (paʻakikī Rockwell, paʻakikī Brinell, paʻakikī Vickers, paʻakikī Richter, paʻakikī Vickers).

Nā mea ʻē aʻe: ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka metallographic, nā inclusions, ka papa decarburization, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike o ka microstructure, ka nānā ʻana i ke kumu o ka corrosion, ka nui o ka palaoa a me ka helu microscopic, ka hoʻonohonoho haʻahaʻa, ka corrosion intergranular, ka microstructure o ka superalloy, ka hoʻonohonoho metallographic wela kiʻekiʻe, a pēlā aku.

Nā mea loiloi: loiloi hoʻohālikelike, ʻike mea, loiloi hāʻule, loiloi ʻāpana.

Ka nānā ʻana i ka hemahema o ka nānā ʻana i ka haki ʻana, ka nānā ʻana i ka pala, a pēlā aku.

Ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea E ʻike pono a kālailai i ka haku mele ʻana a me ka nui o ka manganese, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, silicon, hao, alumini, phosphorus, chromium, vanadium, titanium, keleawe, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, cerium, lanthanum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, tin, antimony, arsenic a me nā mea metala ʻē aʻe i loko o ka metala, ka hui me nā huahana a me kāna mau huahana, ke kila kila.

Kūlana hoʻāʻo no ka paipu kila humuhumu (ʻāpana):

GB 18248-2008 Nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻole no nā pahu kinoea.

2, GB/T 18984-2016 paipu kila humuhumu no ka paipu wela haʻahaʻa.

3, GB/T 30070-2013 Paipu kila humuhumu kila no ka halihali wai kai.

4, GB/T 20409-2018 Nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻole me ke kaula kūloko no nā paila kaomi kiʻekiʻe.

5, GB 28883-2012 mau paipu kila humuhumu no ke kaomi.

GB 3087-2008 Nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻole no nā paila kaomi haʻahaʻa a me waena.

7, GB/T 34105-2017 Nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻole no nā hale hana ʻenekinia ma waho.

GB 6479-2013 Nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻole no nā lako mea hoʻomomona kiʻekiʻe.