I. Cov Kev Txhim Kho Tshiab Tshaj Plaws hauv Txoj Cai CBAM ntawm EU

Lub Txheej Txheem Kho Kom Zoo Dua ntawm Ciam Teb Carbon ntawm EU (CBAM) tau nkag mus rau hauv nws "theem them nqi" rau lub Ib Hlis 1, 2026, cim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev tswj hwm mus rau lub luag haujlwm nyiaj txiag tag nrho. Thaum xub thawj muaj rau pawg khoom: hlau, cement, txhuas, chiv, hluav taws xob, thiab hydrogen.

Txij li xyoo 2026, ntau qhov kev hloov kho tseem ceeb tau ua rau CBAM:

(1) Tus nqi carbon tseem siab

Hauv Q2 2026, tus nqi daim ntawv pov thawj CBAM sawv ntawm€75.28/tuj (kwv yees li RMB 585/tuj), tswj hwm qib siab. Txij li xyoo 2027, cov txheej txheem nqi yuav hloov pauv ntawm kev tshaj tawm txhua peb lub hlis mus rau txhua lub lim tiam, txuas nrog lub sijhawm tiag tiag rau EU ETS kev sib tw tshem tawm cov nqi.

(2) Cov Nqi Tsis Tau Ua Ntej Tau Txo Qis Dua

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 31, 2026, EU tau tshaj tawm Txoj Cai (EU) 2026/1740, hloov kho qhov tseem ceeb ntawm CBAM cov nqi tsis ua haujlwm. Cov khoom siv hlau tau pom kev txo qis ntau yam:

Pawg Khoom Tus Nqi Qub Dhau Los (tCO)₂/tuj) Tus Nqi Tshiab (tCO)₂/tuj) Kev txo qis

Cov Hlau Billets/Ib Nrab Tiav (7207) 8.230 3.169 -61.5%

Npua Hlau (7201) 7.920 1.660 -79.0%

Cov Hlau Sib Xyaws Semi-finished (7224) 9.960-10.000 6.110-6.180 -38%

Txoj cai tshiab tshem tawm cov lej cim 10%, 20%, thiab 30% ntawm cov cai tswjfwm yav dhau los (EU) 2025/2621, rov qab mus rau cov nqi tsis sib xws raws li cov kev tsim khoom sib txawv.

(3) Kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov chaw

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 9, 2026, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Ib Puag Ncig ntawm European Parliament tau pov npav kom txuas ntxiv CBAM kev them nqi los ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim mus rau cov khoom tiav lawm. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2025, European Commission tau thov kom ntxiv kwv yees li 180 cov khoom lag luam hlau thiab txhuas uas siv ntau, suav nrog cov tshuab, khoom siv kho vajtse thiab hlau, cov khoom siv tsheb, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab cov khoom siv tsim kho. Kev nthuav dav no yuav pib siv rau Lub Ib Hlis 1, 2028.

(4) Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Zam Tsis Pub Lwm Tus Paub Tau Ua Kom Nruj Dua

Txoj cai tshiab no txhawb nqa cov kev cai tiv thaiv kev zam tsis pub ua, qhov twg "kev ua me me" tsis suav tias yog txoj kev zam tsis pub ua lawm. Thaum pom cov qauv kev zam tsis pub ua, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas muaj cai siv cov nqi pa phem siab los ntawm lub tebchaws keeb kwm.

(5) Qhov Txwv Tsis Pub Thauj Khoom 50-Ton

Xyoo 2025, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Cai Lij Choj tau tshaj tawm txog qhov kev zam txhua xyoo rau 50-tons ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas qhia tau tias qhov kev txwv no yuav zam txog li 90% ntawm cov neeg xa khoom tuaj thaum tseem npog txog li 99% ntawm cov pa roj carbon uas cuam tshuam.

II. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Cuam Tshuam Rau Kev Lag Luam Yeeb Nkab Hlau

Raws li cov khoom siv hlau ua tiav tob, cov kav hlau ntsib ntau yam teeb meem raws li CBAM lub moj khaum:

(1) Kev Cuam Tshuam Ncaj Qha Rau Tus Nqi Carbon

Siv cov kev xam tus nqi tsis raug cai, kev xa tawm ib tuj ntawm cov khoom hlau uas muaj CBAM yuav raug nqi ntxiv RMB 130 txog 4,670 hauv cov nqi carbon. Txawm hais tias daim ntawv pov thawj CBAM raug yuav thiab tso tseg los ntawm EU cov neeg xa khoom, cov neeg xa khoom feem ntau xa ib feem lossis tag nrho cov nqi no rov qab rau cov neeg xa khoom hauv Suav teb los ntawm kev txo tus nqi lossis cov kab lus sib koom nqi carbon.

Tuam Tshoj cov hlau tsim khoom feem ntau yog lub cub tawg-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF), nrog CO2₂cov pa phem ntawm kwv yees li 2.0–2.2 tons ib tuj ntawm cov hlau—siab dua li EU txoj kev siv hluav taws xob arc (EAF) ntawm 0.4–0.6 tons. Raws li tus nqi carbon thaum ntxov xyoo 2026 EU ntawm€88/tuj, tom qab cov kev tso cai pub dawb raug tshem tawm tag nrho los ntawm xyoo 2034, CBAM tus nqi rau kev xa tawm hlau mus rau EU tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm€140–160 ib ton.

(2) Kev Cuam Tshuam ntawm Kev Nthuav Dav–Cov Kav Hlau Muaj Nrog Ncaj Qha

Yav tas los, cov khoom ua hlau xws li cov kav dej tej zaum yuav tau txais qee qhov buffer los ntawm tsis raug cais ua "cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim." Txawm li cas los xij, thaum CBAM nthuav dav mus rau cov khoom lag luam downstream uas siv hlau thiab txhuas ntau, cov kav hlau, cov khoom siv hlau, thiab cov kav hlau cam khwb cia yuav raug suav nrog ncaj qha rau hauv qhov kev cai lij choj.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom meej: CBAM kev nthuav dav tsis them se rau tag nrho cov khoom tiav, tab sis suav cov pa phem ntawm cov hlau thiab txhuas uas muaj nyob hauv cov khoom. Rau cov kav hlau, CBAM tsuas yog xam cov pa roj carbon uas tau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kav hlau.—cov pa phem ntawm kev ua thiab kev tsim khoom tom qab ntawd tsis nyob hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

(3) Kev Sib Sau Ua Ke Ob Chav ntawm Cov Nqi Se thiab Cov Nqi Carbon

Cov cai tshiab ntawm EU txog kev xa hlau tuaj uas siv tau rau lub Xya Hli 2026 tau txiav cov se uas tsis tas them se li ntawm 47% thiab nce ob npaug ntawm cov se xa khoom ntau dhau los ntawm 25% mus rau 50%. Cov nqi carbon thiab cov teeb meem se tam sim no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv, ua rau tag nrho cov se ntawm kev xa tawm cov yeeb nkab hlau ntau ntxiv.

(4) Qhov Kev Ua Raws Cai Siab Dua Tseem Ceeb

Raws li kev siv CBAM tag nrho, cov neeg xa khoom tawm yuav tsum ua raws li cov luag haujlwm tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv carbon emissions nruj, suav nrog kev suav cov khoom lag luam carbon footprint, kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud, thiab kev xa daim ntawv tshaj tawm kev ua raws cai. Cov tuam txhab hlau Suav tam sim no ntsib qhov tsis sib xws hauv cov qauv ntsuas carbon thiab cov txheej txheem taug qab cov ntaub ntawv, tsim kom muaj kev pheej hmoo luv luv ntawm kev tsis ua raws cai.

III. Cov Lus Qhia rau Cov Neeg Xa Khoom Yeeb Nkab Hlau

1. Tshuaj xyuas cov lej CN ntawm cov khoom: Xyuas seb koj cov yeeb nkab hlau puas tau them lossis yuav raug them raws li CBAM los ntawm xyoo 2028.

2. Tsim Cov Txheej Txheem Tswj Xyuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv Carbon: Tsim cov txheej txheem tswj cov pa roj carbon digital los ntawm theem khoom mus rau theem khoom xa tuaj, tsim cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov pa roj carbon uas tseeb, pob tshab, thiab taug qab tau.

3. Muab Qhov Tseem Ceeb Rau Kev Tshaj Tawm Tus Nqi Tseeb: Txawm hais tias cov nqi tsis raug cai tau raug txo qis ntau heev, lawv tseem siab dua li cov pa phem tiag tiag rau feem ntau cov tuam txhab Suav. Kev siv cov nqi pa phem tiag tiag uas tau txheeb xyuas tuaj yeem txo cov nqi se carbon. Nco ntsoov tias kev tshaj tawm tus nqi tiag tiag yuav tsum muaj kev suav nyiaj thiab kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov koom haum thib peb uas tau lees paub.

4. Tsav Kev Hloov Pauv Uas Muaj Cov Pa roj carbon Tsawg: Txo cov pa roj carbon ntau ntawm cov khoom lag luam los ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua cov qauv zog, kev qhia cov khoom siv raw uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg, thiab kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.

5. Sib koom tes nrog cov neeg xa khoom tuaj ntawm EU: Tsim kom muaj cov txheej txheem sib qhia cov ntaub ntawv carbon nrog cov neeg xa khoom tuaj ntawm EU thiab sib txuas lus txog kev sib koom cov nqi carbon ua ntej kom tsis txhob muaj kev ncua sijhawm lossis kev poob vim muaj teeb meem kev ua raws cai.