EU yadzipereka ku zolinga zochepetsera kusintha kwa nyengo za kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa Greenhouse Gas (GHG) ndi 55% pofika chaka cha 2030, poyerekeza ndi milingo ya 1990, komanso kuti isalowerere kusintha kwa nyengo pofika chaka cha 2050. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zolingazi zikugwirizana ndi zolingazi, EU yapanga dongosolo la Fit for 55 - mfundo zambiri za nyengo. Limodzi mwa mfundo zimenezi ndi EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono.

Kodi CBAM ndi chiyani?

Njira Yosinthira Mpweya wa Carbon Border (CBAM) ndi mtengo wa mpweya woipa wochokera ku kupanga zinthu zina zomwe zimalowa m'dziko zomwe zimadya mpweya wambiri, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). Ogulitsa zinthu kunja adzafunika kulembetsa pulogalamuyo, kupereka malipoti a mpweya woipa wochokera ku zinthu zawo ndi zikalata zogulira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulipira mpweya woipa wochokera ku zinthu zomwe amalowa. Malipiro a mpweya woipa omwe adalipidwa kale kunja kwa EU adzachotsedwa pamalipiro a CBAM kuti apewe kulipira kawiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mitengo ya mpweya woipa ndi yofanana pa zinthu zonse zofanana.

Kodi Cholinga cha CBAM ndi Chiyani?

Popeza adakhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu zokhudzana ndi nyengo, CBAM yayambitsidwa ndi EU kuti ipewe kutayikira kwa mpweya wa kaboni, zomwe zingalepheretse khama lochepetsa mpweya wa kaboni padziko lonse. Pankhaniyi, kutayikira kwa mpweya wa kaboni kungachitike pamene mafakitale ndi njira zopangira zinthu zomwe zimadya kaboni wambiri zasamutsidwira kunja kwa EU kapena zinthu za EU zasinthidwa ndi zinthu zakunja kuti zitsatire malamulo ochepa okhudza mpweya wa kaboni.

Bungwe la CBAM limagwiranso ntchito popanga mitengo yofanana pa zinthu zochokera mkati ndi kunja kwa EU, komanso kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zinthu zobiriwira komanso kuchepetsa mpweya woipa kunja kwa EU.

Kodi nthawi ya CBAM ndi iti?

Gawo Losinthira: 1 Okutobala 2023 - 31 Disembala 2025

Lipoti loyamba loyenera kuperekedwa: 31 Januwale 2024

Malamulo okhwima okhudza malipoti: pambuyo pa 30 June 2024 ndi 31 December 2024

Ulamuliro Wotsimikizika: kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2026

Ndani Ayenera Kutsatira Malamulo?

Wotumiza katundu aliyense wophatikizidwa mu malamulo a CBAM ayenera kutsatira. Nthawi yotsimikizika ikayamba, anthu ovomerezeka okha (olembetsedwa ndikutsatira CBAM) ndi omwe adzaloledwa kulowetsa zinthu za CBAM.

Katundu amene akufunika kunenedwa pakali pano pansi pa CBAM ndi awa:

Simenti

Chitsulo ndi Chitsulo

Aluminiyamu

Feteleza

Haidrojeni

Magetsi

Padzakhala kuwunikanso kwathunthu kwa zinthuzo kumapeto kwa nthawi yosinthira, ndipo mwina zitha kukulitsidwa ku zinthu zina za EU-ETS kuyambira chaka cha 2026. Pulogalamuyo ikufuna kuphatikiza magawo onse a ETS pofika chaka cha 2030.

Pali zosiyana ndi mfundo iyi pankhani yotumiza zinthu kuchokera kumayiko akunja kwa EU omwe ali nawo mu ETS kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira yogulitsira mpweya woipa yolumikizidwa ndi EU, monga EEA ndi Switzerland. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ali kale ndi mtengo wa kaboni wofanana ndi wa mu EU. Ngakhale kuti pali UK-ETS, zinthu zochokera ku UK ziyenera kunenedwa.

Kodi Makampani Oyenerera Ayenera Kuchita Chiyani Kuti Akwaniritse?

Pa Gawo Losinthira

Iyi ndi gawo loyesera la pulogalamuyi lomwe lapangidwa kuti lipange chidziwitso chofunikira kuti amalize njira yeniyeni, ndikulola makampani kupanga njira zolumikizirana ndi ogulitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa deta pulogalamu yonse isanayambe. Mu gawoli palibe satifiketi yoti igulidwe, m'malo mwake imangoyang'ana pa malipoti. Malipoti amafunika kotala lililonse, mwezi umodzi utatha.

Pempho lochedwa ndi lotheka, zomwe zingapatse masiku ena 30 ngati pali zovuta zaukadaulo. Malipoti amatha kusinthidwa kwa miyezi iwiri pambuyo pa kotala, ndipo malipoti awiri oyamba amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yosinthira mpaka pa 31 Julayi 2024. Pali zilango zosatsatira malamulo zomwe zidzawonongera otumiza kunja.€10-50 pa tani imodzi ya mpweya woipa womwe sunanenedwe, ndi zilango zina kwa malipoti osowa kapena osakwanira ngati njira sizikuchitidwa kuti akonze mavutowo.

Malipoti ayenera kuphatikizapo:

Kuchuluka kwa katundu aliyense wa CBAM wotumizidwa kunja malinga ndi dziko lomwe adachokera komanso malo opangidwira.

Utsi wotuluka mwachindunji–Kwa zinthu zambiri zokha CO₂ziyenera kunenedwa. Manyowa ena ayeneranso kunena kuti N₂O ndi zinthu zina za aluminiyamu ziyenera kupereka lipoti la PFC.

Utsi woipa wosalunjika pa zinthu zonse kupatula magetsi.

Mtengo wa kaboni womwe walipidwa kale kudziko lina kuphatikiza chipukuta misozi chilichonse chomwe chilipo kuti chithandizire izi.

Njira yofunikira yosonkhanitsira deta:

Pakadali pano pali njira zitatu zovomerezeka zoperekera malipoti, ngakhale izi zikuchotsedwa chaka chino kuti njira yovomerezeka ya EU isakhalepo kuyambira Januwale 2025.

Njira ya EU: kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotulutsa mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa, kapena kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa ndi mpweya wotuluka kuchokera ku magwero a mpweya woipa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana, monga zochokera kudziko lomwe zinthu zinapangidwira–zololedwa mpaka pa 31 Disembala 2024.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma reference values ​​okhazikika omwe amafalitsidwa ndi EU commission–zololedwa mpaka pa 30 June 2024.

Kuyambira mu 2025 kupita mtsogolo, kuyerekezera ndi mitengo yokhazikika kumaloledwa ngati pakufunika, mwachitsanzo, ngati wogulitsa sangathe kupereka zambiri zoyenera. Komabe, izi sizikulimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndipo zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kukhala zosakwana 20% ya mpweya wonse wotulutsidwa. Kuyerekeza konse ndi kugwiritsa ntchito deta yokhazikika kuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi chifukwa chake zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma tempuleti olumikizirana alipo kuti otumiza kunja apereke kwa ogulitsa kuti awathandize kusonkhanitsa zambiri zonse zofunika.

Mu Ulamuliro Wotsimikizika

Ogula onse ochokera kunja adzafunika kulembetsa ndi kuvomerezedwa ngati ma declarant a CBAM kuti atumize katundu wa CBAM. Zikalata za CBAM zidzagulitsidwa zofanana ndi mtengo wa malonda wa sabata iliyonse wa ETS mu€/tonne CO₂Chaka chilichonse oitanitsa katundu wa CBAM ayenera kulengeza zomwe atumiza ku CBAM mu lipoti lawo la pachaka, lomwe lidzatulutsidwa pa 31 Meyi chaka chotsatira, ndikupereka zikalata zomwe zikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe uli mu zinthu zomwe atumiza.

Ngati mitengo ya kaboni idaperekedwa kale kudziko lina chifukwa cha malondawo, chiwerengero cha ziphaso zomwe wotumiza kunja ku EU akuyenera kulipira chidzachepetsedwa moyenerera kuti apewe kulipira kawiri. Panthawi yomaliza ya ma allowances aulere a ETS, omwe amatha mu 2034, ziphaso zidzafunika kokha pa gawo lotsala la mpweya woipa womwe sunaphimbidwe ndi ma allowances.

Malamulo a dongosolo lokhazikika sanamalizidwebe ndipo adzawunikidwanso kumapeto kwa gawo losinthira. Nkhani zowunikiranso zikuphatikizapo: kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimafuna malipoti okhudza mpweya woipa wosalunjika, zomwe zingachotse kufunika kwa chitsulo, chitsulo, aluminiyamu ndi haidrojeni; ndi kukulitsa zinthu zomwe zili mu zofunikira za CBAM.