I-EU izibophelele kwiinjongo zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweGreenhouse Gas (GHG) ngama-55% ngo-2030, xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba onyaka ka-1990, kwaye ukuba ingathathi cala kwimozulu ngo-2050. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ihambelana nezi njongo, i-EU yenze umgaqo-nkqubo we-Fit for 55 - ukhetho olupheleleyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu. Omnye wale migaqo-nkqubo yi-EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), okwangoku ekwinkqubo yokuqaliswa.

Yintoni i-CBAM?

I-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) lixabiso lokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngenxa yokuveliswa kwezinto ezithile ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni eninzi, ezihambelana ne-EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). Abathumeli kuya kufuneka babhalisele le nkqubo, baxele ngokukhutshwa kwemveliso yabo kunye nezatifikethi zokuthenga ezinokusetyenziselwa ukuhlawulela ukukhutshwa kwemveliso yabo engenisiweyo. Iintlawulo zekhabhoni esele zihlawulwe ngaphandle kwe-EU ziya kutsalwa kwintlawulo ye-CBAM ukuze kuthintelwe iintlawulo eziphindwe kabini kunye nokuqinisekisa amaxabiso ekhabhoni alinganayo kuzo zonke iimveliso ezifanayo.

Yintoni Injongo ye-CBAM?

Emva kokuba imisele iinjongo zemozulu ezinqwenelekayo, i-CBAM ingeniswe yi-EU ukunqanda ukuvuza kwekhabhoni, okuya kuthintela imizamo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwihlabathi liphela. Kule meko, ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kuya kwenzeka xa amashishini asebenzisa ikhabhoni kunye neenkqubo zemveliso zifuduselwa ngaphandle kwe-EU okanye iimveliso ze-EU zithathelwa indawo ziimveliso zaphesheya ukuze zilawulwe yimithetho embalwa yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.

I-CBAM ikwasebenza ekudaleni amaxabiso alinganayo kwiimveliso ezivela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-EU, kunye nokukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kweendlela zokuvelisa eziluhlaza kunye nokususwa kweekhabhoni ngaphandle kwe-EU.

Zithini iiXesha zeCBAM?

Isigaba soTshintsho: 1 Okthobha 2023 - 31 Disemba 2025

Ingxelo yokuqala kufuneka ifike ngomhla wama-31 kweyoMqungu 2024

Imithetho engqongqo yokunika ingxelo: emva komhla wama-30 kuJuni 2024 kunye nomhla wama-31 kuDisemba 2024

Ulawulo oluQinisekileyo: ukususela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2026

Ngubani Ofanele Athobele?

Nabani na ongenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe oqukwe kwimigaqo ye-CBAM kufuneka ayithobele. Xa ixesha elimiselweyo liqala, kuphela ababhengezi abagunyazisiweyo (ababhalisiweyo nabathobela i-CBAM) abaya kuvunyelwa ukungenisa iimveliso ze-CBAM.

Iimpahla ezifunekayo okwangoku ukuba zixelwe phantsi kwe-CBAM zezi:

Isamente

Intsimbi kunye neNsimbi

I-aluminium

Izichumisi

I-hydrogen

Umbane

Kuza kubakho uphononongo olupheleleyo lweemveliso ekupheleni kwexesha lotshintsho, kunye nokwandiswa okunokwenzeka kwezinye iimveliso ze-EU-ETS ekuqaleni kuka-2026. Le nkqubo ijolise ekubandakanyeni onke amacandelo e-ETS ngo-2030.

Kukho izinto ezingafaniyo nalo mgaqo-nkqubo xa kungeniswa iimveliso ezivela kumazwe angaphandle kwe-EU ezingabathathi-nxaxheba kwi-ETS okanye zisebenzisa inkqubo yokurhweba ngokukhutshwa kwegesi eqhagamshelwe yi-EU, njenge-EEA neSwitzerland. Oku kungenxa yokuba sele zinexabiso lekhabhoni elilingana nelo likwi-EU. Nangona kukho i-UK-ETS, kufuneka kuxelwe ukuba kungeniswa iimveliso ezivela e-UK kuxelwe.

Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ziinkampani ezifanelekileyo ukuze zithobele imithetho?

Ngexesha leSigaba soTshintsho

Eli linqanaba lovavanyo lwenkqubo eyilelwe ukudala ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze kugqitywe inkqubo ecacileyo, kwaye kuvunyelwe iinkampani ukuba ziphuhlise unxibelelwano lwazo nababoneleli kunye neenkqubo zokuqokelelwa kwedatha ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo epheleleyo iqale. Ngeli xesha akukho zatifikethi zithengwayo, endaweni yoko zigxila kuphela ekunikeni ingxelo. Iingxelo ziyafuneka kwikota nganye, kufuneka zihlawulwe inyanga emva kokuba igqityiwe.

Isicelo sokulibaziseka sinokwenzeka, nto leyo enika iintsuku ezingama-30 ezongezelelweyo xa kukho ubunzima kwezobuchwepheshe. Iingxelo zingahlelwa iinyanga ezimbini emva kokuphela kwekota, kwaye iingxelo ezimbini zokuqala zinexesha elide lokuhlela elihlala kude kube ngumhla wama-31 kuJulayi 2024. Kukho izohlwayo zokungathobeli imithetho eziya kubiza abangenisi.€I-10-50 ngetoni nganye yokukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo okungaxelwanga, kunye nezohlwayo ezongezelelweyo kwiingxelo ezingekhoyo okanye ezingaphelelanga ukuba amanyathelo okulungisa iingxaki akathathwanga.

Iingxelo mazibandakanye:

Ubungakanani bokungeniswa kwemveliso nganye ye-CBAM ngokwelizwe evela kulo kunye nendawo yemveliso.

Ukukhutshwa okufakwe ngqo–Kwiimveliso ezininzi kuphela i-CO₂kufuneka kuxelwe. Ezinye izichumisi kufuneka zixele ne-N₂Iimveliso ze-O kunye nezinye ze-aluminium kufuneka zibike ii-PFC.

Ukukhutshwa komoya okungathanga ngqo kuzo zonke iimveliso ngaphandle kombane.

Ixabiso lekhabhoni esele lihlawulwe kwilizwe lesithathu kunye nayo nayiphi na imbuyekezo ekhoyo yokuphendula oku.

Indlela efunekayo yokuqokelela idatha:

Okwangoku kukho iindlela ezintathu ezivumelekileyo zokunika ingxelo, nangona ezi ziyacinywa kulo nyaka ukuze kushiywe kuphela indlela esemthethweni ye-EU ukususela ngoJanuwari 2025.

Indlela ye-EU: nokuba kukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikhupha umoya kunye nobungakanani bepetroli kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo ukubala ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo, okanye ukulinganisa amazinga e-GHG kunye nokuhamba kwegesi yeflue evela kwimithombo yokukhupha umoya.

Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo, ezifana nezo zivela kwilizwe lemveliso–ivunyelwe kude kube ngumhla wama-31 kuDisemba 2024.

Ukusebenzisa amaxabiso ereferensi asisiseko apapashwe yikhomishini ye-EU–ivunyelwe kude kube ngumhla wama-30 kweyeSilimela ngowama-2024.

Ukususela ngo-2025 ukuya phambili, uqikelelo kunye namaxabiso amiselweyo ayavunyelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko, umzekelo, ukuba umthengisi akakwazi ukubonelela ngolwazi olufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto azikhuthazwa kakhulu kwaye xa zisetyenziswa kufuneka zibe ngaphantsi kwe-20% yemveliso iyonke ekhutshiweyo. Zonke uqikelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwedatha emiselweyo kufuneka zixhaswe yingcaciso yokuba kutheni zisetyenzisiwe. Iitemplate zonxibelelwano ziyafumaneka ukuze abathumeli banike ababoneleli ukubanceda baqokelele lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo.

Ngexesha loLawulo oluQinisekileyo

Bonke abangenisi kuya kufuneka babhaliswe kwaye bagunyaziswe njengababhengezi be-CBAM ukuze bangenise iimpahla ze-CBAM. Izatifikethi ze-CBAM ziya kuthengiswa zilingana nexabiso lefandesi yeveki ye-ETS kwi€/tonne CO₂Unyaka ngamnye abangenisi kufuneka babhengeze ukungeniswa kwabo kweempahla ze-CBAM kwingxelo yonyaka, ekhutshwe ngomhla wama-31 kuMeyi kunyaka olandelayo, baze babuyisele izatifikethi ezimele ubungakanani bokukhutshwa kwemveliso kwiimveliso zabo ezingenisiweyo.

Ukuba amaxabiso ekhabhoni sele ehlawulwe kwelinye ilizwe ngenxa yemveliso, inani lezatifikethi ekufuneka umngenisi we-EU azihlawule liya kuncitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuthintela iintlawulo eziphindwe kabini. Ngexesha lokuphela kwezibonelelo zasimahla ze-ETS, eziphela ngo-2034, izatifikethi ziya kufuneka kuphela kwinxalenye eseleyo yokukhutshwa kwegesi engagutyungelwanga zizibonelelo.

Imigaqo yomgaqo ocacileyo ayikagqitywa kwaye iza kuhlolwa ekupheleni kwesigaba sotshintsho. Izihloko ekufuneka zihlolwe ziquka: inani leemveliso ezifuna ingxelo yokukhutshwa komoya ngokungathanga ngqo, okunokuthi kususwe le mfuneko yesinyithi, isinyithi, i-aluminium kunye ne-hydrogen; kunye nokwandiswa kweemveliso ezibandakanyiweyo kwiimfuno ze-CBAM.