I-EU izibophezele emigomweni yokunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi iGreenhouse Gas (GHG) ngo-2030, uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-1990, kanye nokungabi namthelela esimweni sezulu ngo-2050. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuhambisana nalezi zinhloso, i-EU idale uhlaka lwe-Fit for 55 - ukukhethwa okuphelele kwezinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu. Enye yalezo nqubomgomo yi-EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), okwamanje esenqubweni yokuqaliswa ngezigaba.

Iyini i-CBAM?

I-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) iyintengo yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuvela ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezithile ezingeniswa kakhulu zekhabhoni, okuhambisana ne-EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). Abangenisi kuzodingeka babhalisele uhlelo, babike ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo yabo kanye nezitifiketi zokuthenga ezingasetshenziswa ukukhokhela ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okufakiwe kokungeniswa kwabo. Izinkokhelo zekhabhoni esezikhokhiwe ngaphandle kwe-EU zizodonswa enkokhelweni ye-CBAM ukuze kugwenywe izinkokhelo eziphindwe kabili futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi intengo yekhabhoni ilingana kuyo yonke imikhiqizo efanayo.

Iyini Inhloso ye-CBAM?

Njengoba sekusungulwe imigomo yesimo sezulu ezimisele, i-CBAM yethulwe yi-EU ukugwema ukuvuza kwekhabhoni, okuzophazamisa imizamo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni wonke. Kulesi simo, ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kuzokwenzeka lapho izimboni ezisebenzisa kakhulu ikhabhoni kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza zithuthelwa ngaphandle kwe-EU noma imikhiqizo ye-EU ithathelwa indawo yimikhiqizo yaphesheya ukuze kulawulwe imithetho embalwa yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.

I-CBAM iphinde isebenzele ukudala amanani alinganayo emikhiqizweni evela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-EU, kanye nokukhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwezinketho zokukhiqiza okuluhlaza kanye nokususwa kwe-carbonization ngaphandle kwe-EU.

Yiziphi izikhathi ze-CBAM?

Isigaba Sesikhashana: 1 Okthoba 2023 - 31 Disemba 2025

Umbiko wokuqala kufanele ukhishwe: 31 Januwari 2024

Imithetho eqinile yokubika: ngemuva komhlaka-30 Juni 2024 kanye nomhlaka-31 Disemba 2024

Umbuso Oqondile: kusukela mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2026

Ubani Okufanele Alandele Imithetho?

Noma yimuphi umngenisi wezimpahla ofakiwe emithethweni ye-CBAM kumele alandele. Uma isikhathi esibekiwe sesiqalile, abadalulayo abagunyaziwe kuphela (ababhalisiwe futhi abathobela i-CBAM) abazovunyelwa ukungenisa imikhiqizo ye-CBAM.

Izimpahla ezidingekayo njengamanje ukuze zibikwe ngaphansi kwe-CBAM yilezi:

Usimende

Insimbi Nensimbi

I-Aluminiyamu

Izivundisi

I-hydrogen

Ugesi

Kuzoba nokubuyekezwa okugcwele kwemikhiqizo ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuguquka, kanye nokwandiswa okungenzeka kweminye imikhiqizo ye-EU-ETS ekuqaleni kuka-2026. Uhlelo luhlose ukufaka yonke imikhakha ye-ETS ngo-2030.

Kukhona okuhlukile kule nqubomgomo ngokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo evela emazweni angaphandle kwe-EU angaba ngabahlanganyeli be-ETS noma abasebenzisa uhlelo lokuhweba ngokukhishwa kwegesi oluxhunywe yi-EU, njenge-EEA neSwitzerland. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kakade banezindleko zekhabhoni ezilingana nalezo ezise-EU. Naphezu kokuba khona kwe-UK-ETS, ukungeniswa okuvela e-UK kuyadingeka ukuthi kubikwe.

Yini Okufanele Izinkampani Ezifanelekayo Ziyenze Ukuze Zihambisane Nemigomo?

Ngesikhathi Sesigaba Sokuguquka

Lesi yisigaba sokuhlola sohlelo esenzelwe ukudala ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuqedwe uhlelo oluqondile, futhi kuvunyelwe izinkampani ukuthi zithuthukise ukuxhumana kwazo nabaphakeli kanye nezinqubo zokuqoqwa kwedatha ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo oluphelele luqale. Phakathi nalesi sigaba azikho izitifiketi okufanele zithengwe, kunalokho zigxile kuphela ekubikeni. Imibiko iyadingeka njalo ngekota, okufanele ikhokhwe inyanga eyodwa ngemuva kokuphela kwayo.

Isicelo sokulibaziseka singenzeka, okunikeza izinsuku ezingu-30 ezengeziwe uma kunezinkinga zobuchwepheshe. Imibiko ingahlelwa izinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kokuphela kwekota, kanti imibiko emibili yokuqala inesikhathi eside sokuhlela esihlala kuze kube ngumhla zingama-31 kuNtulikazi 2024. Kunezinhlawulo zokungalandeli imithetho ezizobiza abangenisi.€10-50 ngethani lokukhishwa kwegesi okungabikwanga, kanye nezinhlawulo ezengeziwe zemibiko engekho noma engaphelele uma kungathathwa izinyathelo zokulungisa izinkinga.

Imibiko kumele ifake:

Inani lokungeniswa komkhiqizo ngamunye we-CBAM ngokwezwe odabuka kulo kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza.

Ukukhishwa okuqondile okufakiwe–Kwemikhiqizo eminingi kuphela i-CO₂kudingeka kubikwe. Eminye imiquba kumele futhi ibike i-N₂I-O kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-aluminium kumele ibike ama-PFC.

Ukukhishwa komoya okungaqondile kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ngaphandle kukagesi.

Intengo yekhabhoni eseyikhokhiwe kakade ezweni lesithathu kanye nanoma yisiphi isinxephezelo esitholakalayo ukuze sibhekane nalokhu.

Indlela yokuqoqwa kwedatha edingekayo:

Okwamanje kunezindlela ezintathu ezivunyelwe zokubika, yize lezi ziqedwa kulo nyaka ukuze kushiywe kuphela indlela esemthethweni ye-EU kusukela ngoJanuwari 2025.

Indlela ye-EU: kungaba ukusebenzisa izici zokukhishwa kwegesi kanye nenani likaphethiloli nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ukubala inani lokukhishwa kwegesi, noma ukulinganisa amazinga e-GHG kanye nokugeleza kwegesi yomoya ovela emithonjeni yokukhishwa kwegesi.

Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezilinganayo, njengalezo ezivela ezweni lokukhiqiza–kuvunyelwe kuze kube ngumhla zingama-31 kuZibandlela 2024.

Kusetshenziswa amanani okubhekisela azenzakalelayo ashicilelwe yikhomishini ye-EU–kuvunyelwe kuze kube ngumhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 2024.

Kusukela ngo-2025 kuqhubeke, ukulinganisa kanye namanani azenzakalelayo kuyavunyelwa uma kudingeka, isibonelo, uma umhlinzeki engakwazi ukunikeza ulwazi olufanele. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyavinjelwa kakhulu futhi uma kusetshenziswa kumele kube ngaphansi kuka-20% wokukhishwa okuphelele okufakiwe. Zonke izilinganiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedatha ezenzakalelayo kumele zisekelwe yincazelo yokuthi kungani zisetshenzisiwe. Amathempulethi okuxhumana ayatholakala ukuze abathumeli bawanike abaphakeli ukuze babasize baqoqe lonke ulwazi olufanele.

Ngesikhathi Sokubusa Okuqinisekile

Bonke abangenisi kuzodingeka babhaliswe futhi bagunyazwe njengabameli be-CBAM ukuze bangenise izimpahla ze-CBAM. Izitifiketi ze-CBAM zizothengiswa zifana nentengo yendali yamasonto onke ye-ETS ku€/tonne CO₂Unyaka ngamunye abangenisi kumele bamemezele ukungeniswa kwabo kwezimpahla ze-CBAM embikweni waminyaka yonke, okhishwe mhla zingama-31 kuNhlaba ngonyaka olandelayo, futhi banikeze izitifiketi ezimele inani lokukhishwa kwegesi okufakiwe emikhiqizweni yabo engenisiwe.

Uma intengo yekhabhoni ike yakhokha kwelinye izwe ngaphambilini ngomkhiqizo, inani lezitifiketi umngenisi we-EU okudingeka azikhokhe lizoncishiswa ngokufanele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhokha kabili. Ngesikhathi sokuphela kwezibonelelo zamahhala ze-ETS, eziphela ngo-2034, izitifiketi zizodingeka kuphela engxenyeni esele yokukhishwa kwegesi engamboziwe yizibonelelo.

Imithethonqubo yohlelo oluqondile ayikakaphothulwa futhi izobuyekezwa ekupheleni kwesigaba sokuguquka. Izihloko okufanele zibuyekezwe zifaka: inani lemikhiqizo edinga ukubikwa kokukhishwa komoya okungaqondile, okungenzeka kususwe lesi sidingo sensimbi, insimbi, i-aluminium kanye ne-hydrogen; kanye nokwandiswa kwemikhiqizo efakwe ezidingweni ze-CBAM.